Evaluation of magnetic behaviour and in vitro biocompatibility of ferritic PM2000 alloy

Abstract

PM2000 is a ferritic alloy obtained by powder metallurgy and is being investigated for potential applications as a biomaterial. This work aimed to assess the biological compatibility and to determine the influence of the processing route and further recrystallisation treatment on the magnetic behaviour. The magnetic behaviour has been analysed as a function of the hysteresis loop obtained by using an inductive method. The biocompatibility has been tested using human osteoblast-like cells seeded onto discs of PM2000. The ability of cells, on its surface, to attach, grow, and produce alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined. It is shown that PM2000 is a soft magnetic material irrespective of its material condition, its remanent magnetisation being very low (up to about 3% for the recrystallised swaged material). Fields close to 200 Oe are required to saturate the material. The saturation magnetisation is about 135 emu g⁻¹. In vitro tests indicate that cells are able to attach and grow onto its surface, and produce ALP, a specific marker of cells with bone-forming activity. In this respect, PM2000 holds promise as a suitable substrate for bone integration. These properties could make PM2000 a useful candidate for the preparation of medical devices where biocompatible and soft magnetic materials are sought. Applications for dental magnetic attachments could be envisaged.