Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ge nanostructures: average and local structure

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A review of an important class of electronic materials, namely, Ge nanostructures, is given. This paper first discusses the geometrical aspects of the nanostructures, both epitaxially grown quantum dots and embedded nanocrystals. This is followed by a description of the structure. Structural techniques relying on long-range ordering, such as diffraction, are compared to methods depending on local bonding, namely Raman scattering and X-ray absorption fine structure. Merits and pitfalls of various techniques are also discussed. The review is concluded by a discussion of possible advanced applications of Ge nanostructures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. B. A. Joyce and R. R. Bradley, Philos. Mag. 14 (1966) 289.

    Google Scholar 

  2. D. D. Vvedensky, “Epitaxial Growth of Semiconductors, in Low-dimensional Semiconductor Structures”, edited by K. Barnham and D. Vvedensky (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001) p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. A. I. Ekimov, A. L. Efros and A. A. Onushchenko, Solid State Commun. 5 (1985) 921.

    Google Scholar 

  4. S. Hayashi, M. Fujii and K. Yamamoto, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 28 (1989) L1464.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Y. Kanemitsu, H. Uto, Y. Matsumoto and Y. Maeda, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 (1992) 2187.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Maeda, N. Tsukamoto, Y. Yazawa, Y. Kanemitsu and Y. Matsumoto, ibid. 59 (1992) 3168.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Maeda, Phys. Rev. B 51 (1995) 1658.

    Google Scholar 

  8. M. Zacharias, J. Blasing, J. Christen, P. Veit, B. Dietrich and D. Bimberg, Superlatt. Microstruct. 18 (1995) 139.

    Google Scholar 

  9. A. Kolobov, H. Oyanagi, N. Usami, S. Tokumitsu, T. Hattori, S. Yamasaki, K. Tanaka, S. Ohtake and Y. Shiraki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 488.

    Google Scholar 

  10. W. K. Choi, Y. W. Ho, S. P. Ng and V. Ng, J. Appl. Phys. 89 (2001) 2168.

    Google Scholar 

  11. M. Nogami and Y. Abe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 (1994) 2545.

    Google Scholar 

  12. A. Saito and T. Suemoto, Phys. Rev. B 56 (1997) R1688.

    Google Scholar 

  13. X. L. Wu, T. Gao, X. M. Bao, F. Yan, S. S. Jiang and D. Feng, J. Appl. Phys. 82 (1997) 2704.

    Google Scholar 

  14. J. G. Zhu, C. W. White, J. D. Budai, S. P. Withrow and Y. Chen, ibid. 78 (1995) 4386.

    Google Scholar 

  15. K. L. Teo, S. H. Kwok, P. Y. Yu and S. Guha, Phys. Rev. B 62 (2000) 1584.

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. Dowd, R. G. Ellimann and B. Luther-Davies, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 2327.

    Google Scholar 

  17. S. T. Ngiam, K. F. Jensen and K. D. Kolenbrander, J. Appl. Phys. 76 (1994) 8201.

    Google Scholar 

  18. K. M. Hassan, A. K. Sharma, J. Narayan, J. F. Muth, C. W. Teng and R. M. Kolbas, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 1222.

    Google Scholar 

  19. C. Shubert, U. Kaiser, A. Hedler, W. Wesch, T. Gorelik, U. Glatzel, J. Krausslich, B. Wunderlich, G. Hess and K. Goetz, J. Appl. Phys. 91 (2002) 1520.

    Google Scholar 

  20. O. Dag, A. Kuperman and G. A. Ozin, Adv. Mater. 6 (1994) 147.

    Google Scholar 

  21. A. Zunger, S. Wagner and P. M. Petroff, J. Electron. Mater. 22 (1993) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  22. A. Aparisi, V. Fornes, F. Marquez, R. Moreno, C. Lopez and F. Meseguer, Solid State Electron. 40 (1996).

  23. C. L. Bowes, A. Malek and G. A. Ozin, Chem. Vapor. Deposit 2 (1996) 97.

    Google Scholar 

  24. H. Muguez, V. Fornes, F. Meseguer, F. Marquez and C. Lopez, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 (1996) 2347.

    Google Scholar 

  25. H. Miguez, C. E. F. Garcia-Santamaria, M. Ibisate, S. John, C. Lopez, F. Meseguer, J. P. Mondia, G. A. Ozin, O. Toader and H. M. Van Driel, Adv. Mater. 13 (2001) 1634.

    Google Scholar 

  26. S. John and K. Busch, J. Lightwave Technol. 17 (1999) 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  27. K. Brunner, Rep. Prog. Phys. 65 (2002) 27.

    Google Scholar 

  28. A. A. Williams, J. M. C. Thornton, J. E. Macdonald, R. G. Van Silfhout, J. F. Van Der Veen, M. S. Finney, R. G. Johnson and C. Norris, Phys. Rev. B 43 (1991) 5001.

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. J. Steinfort, P. M. L. O. Schilte, A. Ettema, F. Tuinstra, M. Nielsen, E. Landmark, D. M. Smiglies, R. Feidenhans, G. Falkenberg, L. Seehofer and R. G. Johnson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  30. J. Stangl, A. Daniel, V. Holy, T. Roch, G. Bauer, I. Kegel, H. Metzger, T. Wiebach, O. G. Schmidt and K. Eberl, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 1474.

    Google Scholar 

  31. T. Wiebach, M. Schmidbauer, M. Hanke, H. Raidt and R. Koeler, Phys. Rev. B 61 (2000) 5571.

    Google Scholar 

  32. T. U. Schulli, J. Stangl, Z. Zhong, R. T. Lechner, M. Sztucki, H. Metzger and G. Bauer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 066105.

    Google Scholar 

  33. X. B. Liao, J. Zou, D. J. H. Cockayne, J. Qin, Z. M. Jiang, X. Wang and R. Leon, Phys. Rev. B 60 (1999) 15605.

    Google Scholar 

  34. A. V. Kolobov, H. Oyanagi, S. Wei, K. Brunner, G. Abstreiter and K. Tanaka, ibid. 66 (2002) 075319.

    Google Scholar 

  35. J. Tersoff and R. M. Tromp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 2782.

    Google Scholar 

  36. R. Magalhaes-Paniago, G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, A. Malachias, S. Kycia, T. I. Kamins and R. S. Williams, Phys. Rev. B 66 (2002) 245312.

    Google Scholar 

  37. X. Wang, Z. Jiang, H. Zhu, F. Lu, D. Huang, X. Liu, C. Hi, Y. Chen, Z. Zhu and T. Yao, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 3543.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Y. Zhang, M. Floyd, J. Drucker and G. L. Kellogg, J. Appl. Phys. 90 (2001) 4748.

    Google Scholar 

  39. A. A. Shklyaev, M. Shibata and M. Ichikawa, Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 15647.

    Google Scholar 

  40. N. Motta, A. Sgarlata, R. Calarco, J. Castro Cal, Q. Nguyen, P. Prosposito, A. Balzarotti and M. De Crescenzi, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 16 (1998) 1555.

    Google Scholar 

  41. P. W. Deelman, L. J. Schowalter and T. Thundat, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 15 (1997) 930.

    Google Scholar 

  42. H. Omi and T. Ogino, Phys. Rev. B 59 (1999) 7524.

    Google Scholar 

  43. J. Zhu, C. Miesner, K. Brunner and G. Abstreiter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 2398.

    Google Scholar 

  44. K. Sakamoto, H. Matsuhata, M. O. Tanner, D. Wang and K. L. Wang, Thin Solid Films 321 (1998) 55.

    Google Scholar 

  45. J. H. Zhu, K. Brunner and G. Abstreiter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 620.

    Google Scholar 

  46. C. Lee and A. L. Barabasi, ibid. 73 (1998) 2651.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Y. H. Xie, S. B. Samavedam, M. Bulsara, T. A. Langdo and E. A. Fitzgerald, ibid. 71 (1997) 3567.

    Google Scholar 

  48. E. S. Kim, N. Usami and Y. Shiraki, ibid. 72 (1998) 1617.

    Google Scholar 

  49. T. I. Kamins, D. A. A. Ohlberg, R. S. Williams, W. Zhang and S. Y. Chou, ibid. 74 (1999) 1773.

    Google Scholar 

  50. G. Jin, J. L. Liu and K. L. Wang, ibid. 76 (2000) 3591.

    Google Scholar 

  51. T. Kitajima, B. Liu and S. R. Leone, ibid. 80 (2002) 497.

    Google Scholar 

  52. G. Jin, J. L. Liu, S. G. Thomas, Y. H. Luo and K. L. Wang, ibid. 75 (1999) 2752.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Z. Zhong, A. Halilovoc, M. Muhlberger, F. Schaffler and G. Bauer, ibid. 82 (2003) 445.

    Google Scholar 

  54. A. A. Shklyaeve, M. Shibata and M. Ichikawa, ibid. 72 (1998) 320.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Y. P. Zhang, L. Yan, S. S. Xie, S. J. Pang and H. J. Gao, ibid. 79 (2001) 3317.

    Google Scholar 

  56. V. Le Thanh, V. Vam, P. Boucaud, F. Fortuna, C. Ulysse, D. Bouchier, L. Vervoort and J. M. Lourtioz, Phys. Rev. B 60 (1999) 5851.

    Google Scholar 

  57. G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, A. M. Bratkovski, T. I. Kamins, D. A. A. Ohlberg and R. S. Williams, Science 279 (1998) 353.

    Google Scholar 

  58. T. I. Kamins, E. C. Carr, R. S. Williams and S. J. Rosner, J. Appl. Phys. 81 (1997) 211.

    Google Scholar 

  59. R. S. Williams, G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, T. I. Kamins and D. A. A. Ohlberg, J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998) 9605.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Y. Wakayama, G. Gerth, P. Werner and U. Gosele, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 2328.

    Google Scholar 

  61. H. J. Kim and Y. H. Xie, ibid. 79 (2001) 263.

    Google Scholar 

  62. C. S. Peng, Q. Huang, W. Q. Cheng, J. M. Zhou, Y. H. Zhang, T. T. Sheng and C. H. Tung, ibid. 72 (1998) 2541.

    Google Scholar 

  63. O. G. Schmnidt, C. Lange, K. Eberl, O. Kienzle and F. Ernst, ibid. 71 (1997) 2340.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Y. Wakayama, L. V. Sokolov, N. Zakharov and G. P. Werner, U., ibid. 93 (2003) 765.

    Google Scholar 

  65. M. W. Dashiell, U. Denker, C. Muler, G. Gostantini, C. Manzano, K. Kern and O. G. Schmidt, ibid. 80 (2002) 1279.

    Google Scholar 

  66. A. Shklyaev and M. Ichikawa, ibid. 80 (2002) 1432.

    Google Scholar 

  67. A. Kolobov, S. Wei, W. S. Yan, H. Oyanagi, Y. Maeda and K. Tanaka, Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003) 075319.

    Google Scholar 

  68. V. Craciun, W. Boyd, A. H. Reader and D. E. W. Vanderhoudt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 (1994) 3233.

    Google Scholar 

  69. M. Fujii, S. Hayashi and K. Yamamoto, ibid. 57 (1990) 2692.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Y. Saito, J. Cryst. Growth 47 (1979) 61.

    Google Scholar 

  71. S. Sato, S. Nozaki, H. Morisaki and M. Iwase, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (1995) 3176.

    Google Scholar 

  72. S. Nozaki, S. Sato, H. Ono, H. Morisaki and M. Iwase, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 405 (1996) 223.

    Google Scholar 

  73. S. Sato, S. Nozaki and H. Morisaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. (1998).

  74. F. P. Bundy and J. S. Kasper, Science 139 (1963) 340.

    Google Scholar 

  75. J. D. Joannopoulos and M. L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 7 (1973) 2644.

    Google Scholar 

  76. T. P. Martin, T. Bergmann, H. Gohlich and T. Lange, J. Chem. Phys. 95 (1991) 6421.

    Google Scholar 

  77. L. Pizzagalli, G. Gali, J. E. Klepeis and F. Gygi, Phys. Rev. B 63 (2001) 165324.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Z. F. Krasil'nik, P. Lytvyn, D. N. Lobanov, N. Mestres, A. V. Novikov, J. Pascual, M. Y. Valakh and V. A. Yakhumchuk, Nanotechnol. 13 (2002) 81.

    Google Scholar 

  79. J. M. Zhang, M. Gieler, A. Goebel, M. Cardona, E. E. Haller and K. Itoh, Phys. Rev. B 57 (1998) 1348.

    Google Scholar 

  80. P. A. Temple and C. E. Hathaway, ibid. 7 (1973) 3685.

    Google Scholar 

  81. K. Uchinokura, T. Sekine and E. Matsuura, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 35 (1974) 171.

    Google Scholar 

  82. A. Kolobov and K. Tanaka, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 3572.

    Google Scholar 

  83. A. V. Kolobov, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 20 (2002) 1116.

    Google Scholar 

  84. A. V. Kolobov, J. Appl. Phys. 87 (2000) 2926.

    Google Scholar 

  85. A. Kolobov and K. Tanaka, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 3550.

    Google Scholar 

  86. K. L. Teo, L. Qin, Z. X. Shen and O. G. Schmidt, ibid. 80 (2002) 2919.

    Google Scholar 

  87. A. Kolobov, K. Morita, K. M. Itoh and E. E. Haller, ibid. 81 (2002) 3855.

    Google Scholar 

  88. S. Hayashi and H. Abe, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23 (1984) L824.

    Google Scholar 

  89. V. Madigson, D. V. Regelman, R. Beserman and K. Dettmer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 1044.

    Google Scholar 

  90. A. Kolobov, Y. Maeda and K. Tanaka, J. Appl. Phys. 88 (2000) 3285.

    Google Scholar 

  91. F. K. Legoues, R. Rosenberg, T. Nguyen, F. Himpsel and B. S. Meyerson, J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 1724.

    Google Scholar 

  92. A. L. Ankudinov, B. Ravel, J. J. Rehr and S. Conradson, Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 7565.

    Google Scholar 

  93. A. V. Kolobov, H. Oyanagi, K. Brunner, P. Schittenhelm, G. Abstreiter and K. Tanaka, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2001) 451.

    Google Scholar 

  94. F. Boscherini, G. Capellini, L. Di Gaspare, F. Rosei, N. Motta and S. Mobilio, ibid. 76 (2000) 682.

    Google Scholar 

  95. F. Boscherini, G. Capellini, L. Di Gaspare, M. De Seta, F. Rosei, A. Sgarlata, N. Motta and S. Mobilio, Thin Solid Films 380 (2000) 173.

    Google Scholar 

  96. F. Rosei, N. Motta, A. Sgarlata, G. Capellini and F. Boscherini, ibid. 369 (2000) 29.

    Google Scholar 

  97. A. Kolobov, H. Oyanagi, A. Frenkel, J. Robinson, J. Cross, S. Wei, K. Brunner, G. Abstreiter, A. Shklyaev, M. Ichikawa, Y. Maeda, S. Yamasaki and K. Tanaka, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 199 (2003) 174.

    Google Scholar 

  98. N. Motta, F. Rosei, A. Sgarlata, G. Gapellini, S. Mobilio and F. Boscherini, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 88 (2002) 264.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Y. L. Soo, G. Kioseoglou, S. Huang, S. Kim and Y. H. Kao, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 3685.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Z. Kovats, M. Rauscher, H. Metzger, J. Peisl, R. Paniago, H. D. Pfannes, F. Boscherini and S. Ferrer, Phys. Rev. B 62 (2000) 8223.

    Google Scholar 

  101. A. Kolobov, A. Shklyaev, H. Oyanagi, P. Fons, S. Yamasaki and M. Ichikawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 2563.

    Google Scholar 

  102. M. Ishii, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part I 41 (2002) 4415.

    Google Scholar 

  103. S. J. Kahng, Y. H. Ha, D. W. Moon and Y. Kuk, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 18 (2000).

  104. A. Ikeda, K. Sumitomo, T. Nishioka, T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa and Y. Kido, Surf. Sci. 385 (1997) 200.

    Google Scholar 

  105. K. Nakajima, A. Konishi and K. Kimura, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 1802.

    Google Scholar 

  106. A. Frenkel, A. Kolobov, I. K. Robinson, J. O. Cross, Y. Maeda and C. E. Bouldin, ibid. 89 (2002) 285503.

    Google Scholar 

  107. K. L. Wang, J. L. Liu and G. Jin, J. Cryst Growth 237–239 (2002) 1892.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Y. Q. Wang, G. L. Kong, W. D. Chen, H. W. Diao, C. Y. Chen, S. B. Zhang and X. B. Liao, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 4174.

    Google Scholar 

  109. C. S. Lent, P. D. Tougaw, W. Porod and G. H. Bernstein, Nanotechnol. 4 (1993) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  110. V. N. Tondare, B. I. Birajdar, N. Pradeep, D. S. Joag, A. Lobo and S. K. Kulkami, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 2394.

    Google Scholar 

  111. D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, J. Low-Temp. Phys. 62 (1986) 345.

    Google Scholar 

  112. S. Banerjee, S. Nozaki and H. Morisaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000) 445.

    Google Scholar 

  113. S. Banerjee, S. Nozaki and H. Morisaki, J. Appl. Phys. 91 (2002) 4307.

    Google Scholar 

  114. W. K. Choi, W. K. Chim, C. L. Heng, L. W. Teo, V. Ho, V. Ng, D. A. Antoniadis and E. A. Fitzgerald, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  115. F. Meseguer, A. Blanco, H. Miguez, F. Garcia-Santamaria, M. Ibisate and C. Lopez, Coll. Surf. 202 (2002) 281.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Y. E. Jie, Y. N. Xiong, A. T. S. Wee, C. H. A. Huan and W. Ji, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 3926.

    Google Scholar 

  117. J. Nishii, K. Kintaka, H. Hosono, H. Kawazoe, M. Kato and K. Muta, Phys. Rev. B 60 (1999) 7166.

    Google Scholar 

  118. I. Shlimak, I. Vagner and V. I. Safarov, in Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, Springer, Osaka, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  119. I. Kegel, T. H. Metzger, J. Peisl, P. Schittenhelm and G. Abstreiter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 (1999) 2978.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Applied Near-Field Optics Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan

    A. V. Kolobov

Authors
  1. A. V. Kolobov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kolobov, A.V. Ge nanostructures: average and local structure. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 15, 195–203 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSE.0000012455.87480.9b

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSE.0000012455.87480.9b

Keywords

Search

Navigation