Abstract
This paper explores the transforming antebellum (ca. 1834–60) landscape, political economy, and progressive ideologies that existed at the Shepard farmstead site (20CA104) in Battle Creek, Michigan. Through this study of agrarian capitalist transformations, a picture emerges of complex dialectic interdependencies between gender, class, progressive philosophies, and the nucleated and alienating farmscape. To explore these issues, a model of agrarian transitions is developed and compared and contrasted with primary documentary, landscape, and archaeological data. This approach allows for an analysis and interpretation of transitional dynamics that have been ignored by scholars of the historical American countryside.
Similar content being viewed by others
References Cited
Adams, W. (1990). Landscape archaeology, landscape history, and the American farmstead. Historical Archaeology 24(4): 92–121.
Appleby, J. (1982). Commercial farming and the “agrarian myth” in the early republic. Journal of American History 68(4): 833–849.
Aptheker, H. (1965). Alienation and the American social order. In Aptheker, H. (ed.), Marxism and Alienation, Humanities Press, New York, pp. 15–25.
Barnes, C. (1910, May 29). Battle Creek's industries: The first brickyard, tannery, and trunk factory and the old oil factories; some interesting facts about early enterprises that have been almost forgotten by the old settlers. Battle Creek Moon Journal, Text only photocopy, located at the historical society of Battle Creek archives, Battle Creek, Michigaan.
Battle Creek Blue Moon Journal (1852–60). Newspaper, on microfilm, Willard Library, Battle Creek, MI.
Beaudry, M., Cook, L., and Mrozowski, S. (1991). Artifacts and active voices: Material culture as social discourse. In McGuire, R., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 150–191.
Beers, F. (1873). Atlas of Calhoun County, F. W. Beers, New York.
Berkhofer, R. Jr., (1979). The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian From Columbus to the Present, Random House, New York.
Bernstein, R. (1971). Praxis and Action, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Bernstein, M., and Wilentz, S. (1984). Marketing, commerce, and capitalism in rural Massachusetts. Journal of Economic History 1: 171–173.
Bidwell, P., and Falconer, J. (1925). History of Agriculture in the Northern States: 1620–1860, Carnegie Institute, Washington, DC.
Binford, L., and Cook, S. (1991). Petty production in third world capitalism today. In Littlefield, A., and Gates, H. (Eds.), Marxist Approaches in Economic Anthropology Today, University Press of America, Lanham, MD, pp. 65–90.
Bourcier, P. (1984). “In excellent order”: The gentleman farmer views his fences, 1790–1860. Agricultural History, 58(4): 546–564.
Bowen, J. (1988). Seasonality: An agricultural construct. In Beaudry, M. (ed.), Documentary Archaeology in the New World, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 161–171.
Bragdon, K. (1996). Native People of Southern New England, 1500–1650, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Braudel, F. (1977). The Wheels of Commerce, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Vols. 1–3, Harper and Row, New York.
Brown, M., III, and Samford, P. (1994). Current archaeological perspectives on the growth and development of Williamsburg. In Shackel, P., and Little, B. (Eds.), Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 231–245.
Bullock, S. C. (1989). A pure and sublime system: The appeal of post-revolutionary Freemasonry. Journal of the Early Republic 9: 359–373.
Burke, H. (1999). Meaning and Ideology in Historical Archaeology: Style, Social Identity, and Capitalism in an Australian Town, Plenum Press, New York.
Butler, M. (1996). Gold in Flakes, Vol. 1–4, Historical Society of Battle Creek, Battle Creek, MI.
Cabak, M., and Inkrot, M. (1997). Old Farm, New Farm: An Archaeology of Modernization in the Aiken Plateau, 1875–1950 (Savannah River Archaeological Research Paper 9), South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
Cabak, M., Groover, M., and Inkrot, M. (1999). Rural modernization during the recent past: Farmstead archaeology in the Aiken Plateau. Historical Archaeology 33(4): 19–43.
Calhoun County Patent Records (1902). Land Title Records, Calhoun County Court House, Marshall, MI, p. 315.
Clark, C. (1979). Household economy, market exchange, and the rise of capitalism in the Connecticut Valley, 1800–1860. Journal of Social History, Winter: 169–190.
Clark, C. (1990). The Roots of Rural Capitalism, Western Massachusetts, 1780–1860, Cornell University Press, New York.
Clark, C. (1988). Domestic architecture as an index to social history: The Romantic Revival and the Cult of Domesticity in America, 1840–1870. In St. George, R. B. (ed.), Material Life in America, 1600–1860, Northeastern University Press, Boston, pp. 535–550.
Cleland, C. (1970). Comparison of the faunal remains from French and British refuse pits at Fort Michilimackinac: A study in changing subsistence patterns. Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History 3: 7–23.
Collins, J. L. (1991). Housework and craftwork within capitalism: Marxist analyses of unwaged labor. In Littlefield, A., and Gates, H. (Eds.), Marxist Approaches in Economic Anthropology Today, University Press of America, Lanham, MD, pp. 91–99.
Crader, D. (1990). Slave Diet at Monticello. American Antiquity 55(4): 690–717.
Crass, D., and Brooks, M. (Eds.) (1995). Cotton and Black Draught: Consumer Behavior on a Postbellum Farm (Savannah River Archaeological Research Paper 5), South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
Cremin, W. M. (1996). The Berrien Phase of southwest Michigan: Proto-Potawatomi? In Holman, M., Brashler, J., and Parker, K. (Eds.), Investigating the Archaeological Record of the Great Lake State: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth Baldwin Garland, New Issues Press, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, pp. 383–413.
Criado, F. (1995). The visibility of the archaeological record and the interpretation of social reality. In Hodder, I., Shanks, M., Alexandri, A., Buchli, V., Carman, J., Last, J., and Lucas, G. (Eds.), Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past, Routledge, London, pp. 194–204.
De Cunzo, L. (1995). The culture broker revisited: Historical archaeology perspectives on merchants in Delaware, 1760–1815. North American Archaeologist 16(3): 181–222.
Deetz, J. (1977). In Small Things Forgotten, Anchor Press, Garden City, New York.
Deetz, J. (1993). Flowerdew Hundred, the Archaeology of a Virginia Plantation, 1619–1864, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.
Delle, J. (1999a). An Archaeology of Social Space: Analyzing Coffee Plantations in Jamaica's Blue Mountains, Plenum Press, New York.
Delle, J. (1999b). “A good and easy speculation”: Spatial conflict, collusion, and resistance in late-sixteenth century Munster, Ireland. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 3(1): 11–36.
Delle, J. (1999c). The landscapes of class negotiation on coffee plantations in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, 1790–1850. Historical Archaeology 33(1): 136–160.
Delle, J., Mrozowski, S., and Paynter, R. (Eds.) (2000). Lines That Divide: Historical Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Dubofsky, M. (1975). Industrialism and the American Worker, 1865–1920, AHM, Arlington Heights, IL.
Dulles, F., and Dubofsky, M. (1984). Labor History in America, 4th edn., Harlan Davidson, Arlington Heights, IL.
Dunbar, W. F., and May, G. S. (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State, W. B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI.
Edwards, A., and Brown M. III, (1996). Seventeenth-century Chesapeake settlement patterns: A current perspective from Tidewater Virginia. In Reinhart, T., and Pogue, D. J. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Seventeenth-Century Virginia, Dietz Press, Richmond, VA, pp. 285–309.
Engels, F. (1935). Introduction. In Marx, K. (author), Wage-Labor and Capital, Charles H. Kerr, Chicago, pp. 1–15.
Engels, F. (1988). Outlines of a critique of political economy. In Marx, K. (author), Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Prometheus, New York, pp. 171–202.
Everts, L. H. (1877). The History of Calhoun County, L. H. Everts, Philadelphia.
Faragher, J. M. (1981). History from the inside-out: Writing the history of women in rural America. American Quarterly 33(5): 537–557.
Faragher, J. M. (1985). Open-country community: Sugar Creek, Illinois, 1820–1850. In Hahn, S., and Prude, J. (Eds.), The Countryside in the Age of Capitalism: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, pp. 233–258.
Federal Population Census (1840). For Battle Creek Twp., Calhoun County, MI, microfilm
Federal Population Census (1850). For Battle Creek Twp., Calhoun County, MI, microfilm.
Federal Population Census (1860). For Battle Creek Twp., Calhoun County, MI, microfilm.
First Baptist Church of Battle Creek Ledger (1905). Records, 1876–1901. Manuscript located at First Baptist Church of Battle Creek, Battle Creek, MI.
Fitts, R. K. (1996). The landscapes of Northern bondage. Historical Archaeology 30(2): 54–73.
Fitts, R. K. (1999). The archaeology of middle-class domesticity and gentility in Victorian Brooklyn. Historical Archaeology 33(1): 39–62.
Fuller, G. (1917). Economic and Social Beginnings of Michigan, Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, Lansing, MI.
Funari, P. (1997). Archaeology, history, and historical archaeology in South America. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1(3): 189–206.
Funari, P. (1999). Historical archaeology from a world perspective. In Funari, P., Hall M., and Jones S. (Eds.), Historical Archaeology: Back From the Edge, Routledge. London, pp. 37–66.
Gaston, M. (1996). The Collector's Encyclopedia of Flow Blue China, Collector's Books, Paducah, KY.
Genovese, E. D. (1965). The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South, Random House, New York.
Gray, S. (1996). The Yankee West: Community Life on the Michigan Frontier, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
Gregory, M. (1986). The Forgotten Years of Battle Creek, Kal-Gale Printing, Kalamazoo, MI.
Groover, M. (1992). Illinois Farmstead Archaeology: Past Issues, Future Goals, Midwestern Archaeological Research Center, Illinois State University, Normal.
Groover, M. (1998). The Gibbs Farmstead: An Archaeological Study of Rural Economy and Material Life in Southern Appalachia, 1790–1920, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.
Groover, M. (2003). An Archaeological Study of Rural Capitalism and Material Life: The Gibbs Farmstead in Southern Appalachia, 1790–1920, Kluwer/Plenum, New York.
Hahn, S., and Prude, J. (1983). Introduction. In Hahn, S., and Prude, J. (Eds.), The Countryside in the Age of Capitalism: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, pp. 3–21.
Hall, M. (1992). Small things and the mobile, conflictual fusion of power, fear and desire. In Yentsch, A., and Beaudry, M. (Eds.), The Art and Mystery of Historical Archaeology: Essays in Honor of James Deetz, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 373–399.
Hall, M. (2000). Archaeology and the Modern World: Colonial Transcripts in South Africa and the Chesapeake, Routledge, London.
Headlee, S. (1991). The Political Economy of the Family Farm: The Agrarian Roots of American Capitalism, Praeger, New York.
Henretta, J. (1978). Families and farms: Mentalité in pre-industrial America. The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 35(1): 3–31.
Hicks, J. (1967). Critical Essays in Monetary Theory, Oxford University Press, London.
Hobsbawm, E. (1989). Introduction. In Marx, K. (author), Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations, International Publishers, New York, pp. 9–65.
Horning, A. (2002). Myth, migration, and material culture: Archaeology and the Ulster influence on Appalachia. Historical Archaeology 36(4): 129–149.
Hubka, T. (1984). Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn: Connected Farm Buildings of New England, University Press of New England, Hanover.
Huser, W., Jr. (1992). Archaeology and comparison of the William Connor house site (12-H-608), a 19th century rural residence in Hamilton County, Indiana. In Young, A., and Faulkner, C. (Eds.), Symposium on Ohio Valley Urban and Historic Archaeology, Proceedings of the Tenth Symposium, Tennessee Anthropological Association, Miscellaneous Paper No. 16, Knoxville, pp. 42–73.
Jennings, F. (1975). The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest, Norton, New York.
Johnson, M. (1996). An Archaeology of Capitalism, Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
Kautsky, K. (1892). The Class Struggle. Bohn, W. E. (translator), Ryan, S. (transcriber). www.Marxists.org/archive/kautsky.
Kestenbaum, J. (1990). The Making of Michigan, 1820–1860, Wayne State University Press, Detroit.
Kulikoff, A. (1992). The transition to capitalism in rural America. In Kulikoff, A. (ed.), The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism, University Press of Virginia, University of Virginia, pp. 13–33.
Kullen, D., and Wallitschek, D. (1991). Dating the 19th-century occupations at the Netzley–Yender farmstead: The converging lines of evidence. In Schroeder, K., (ed.), Landscape, Architecture, and Artifacts: Historical Archaeology of Nineteenth-Century Illinois, Illinois Cultural Resources Study No. 15, Springfield, pp. 120–135.
Lapham, J. (1997). Gender relations in rural nineteenth-century Southwest Michigan: Men and women on the Warren B. Shepard Farm. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Grand Rapids, MI.
Laurie, B. (1989). Artisans Into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America, University of Illinois Press, Chicago.
Leone, M. (1984). Interpreting ideology in historical archaeology: Using the rules of perspective in the William Paca garden in Annapolis, Maryland. In Miller, D., and Tilley, C. (Eds.), Ideology, Power, and Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 25–35.
Leone, M. (1988). The Georgian Order as the order of merchant capitalism in Annapolis, Maryland. In Leone, M., and Potter, P. (Eds.), The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 235–262.
Leone, M. (1999). Ceramics from Annapolis, Maryland: A measure of time routines and work discipline. In Leone, M., and Potter, P. (Eds.), Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism, Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp. 195–216.
Leone, M., and Potter, P. (Eds.) (1999). Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism, Kluwer/Plenum, New York.
Levin, J. (1985). Drinking on the job: How effective was capitalist discipline? American Archaeology 5(3): 195–201.
Lewis, K. (1991). General processes and particular variables in the shaping of frontier settlement patterns. In Schroeder, E. (ed.), Landscape, Architecture, and Artifacts: Historical Archaeology of Nineteenth-Century Illinois, Illinois Cultural Resources Study No. 15, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 1–13.
Lofstrom, T., Tordoff, J., and George, D. (1982). A seriation of historic earthenwares in the midwest, 1780–1870. Minnesota Archaeologist 41(1): 3–29.
Lowe, B. (1976). Tales of Battle Creek, Albert L. and Louise B. Miller Foundation and the Historical Society of Battle Creek, Battle Creek, MI.
Luxemburg, R. (1968). The Accumulation of Capital, Monthly Review Press, New York.
Lynn, D., and Latuszek, C. (1997). Do your dishes match? Tracing the formation of class and gender roles during the nineteenth-century through material remains. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Grand Rapids.
Majewski, T., and O'Brien, M. (1987). The use and misuse of nineteenth-century English and American ceramics. In Schiffer, M. (ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 11, Academic Press, New York, pp. 97–209.
Mandel, E. (1977). An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory, Pathfinder Press, New York.
Mann, S. (1990). Agrarian Capitalism in Theory and Practice, University of South Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
Map of Calhoun County (1858). Located at Willard Library, Battle Creek, MI.
Marx, K. (1935). Wage-Labor and Capital, Charles Kerr, Chicago.
Marx, K. (1967a). Capital, Vol. 2: The Process of the Circulation of Capital, International Publishers, New York.
Marx, K. (1967b). Capital, Vol. 3: A Critique of Political Economy, The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole, International Publishers, New York.
Marx, K. (1977). Capital, Vol. 1: A Critique of Political Economy, Random House, New York.
Marx, K. (1988). Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY.
Mascia, S. F. (1996). “One of the best farms in Essex County”: The changing domestic landscape of a tenant who became an owner. In Yamin, R., and Metheny, K. B. (Eds.), Landscape Archaeology, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 147–173.
McGuire, R. (1991). Building power in the cultural landscape of Broome County, New York, 1880 to 1940. In McGuire, R., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 102–124.
McGuire, R. (1992). A Marxist Archaeology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
McLaughlin, D. B. (1970). Michigan Labor: A Brief History From 1818 to Present, The Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, the University of Michigan–Wayne State University, Ann Arbor.
McMahon, S. F. (1994). Laying foods by: gender, dietary decisions, and the technology of food preservation in New England households, 1750–1850. In McGaw, J.A. (ed.), Early American Technology: Making and Doing Things From the Colonial Era to 1850, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, pp. 164–196.
McMillen, C. (1998a). Shepard Site (20CA104) Faunal Analysis, (Manuscript on file), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo.
McMillen, C. (1998b). Appendix D: Faunal remains by species and provenience. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek: The 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104), Archaeological Report No. 20, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, pp. 239–248.
McMurry, S. (1997). Families and Farmhouses in Nineteenth-Century America: Vernacular Design and Social Change, Oxford University Press, New York.
Merrill, M. (1977). Cash is good to eat: Self-sufficiency and exchange in the rural economy of the United States. Radical History Review 3: 42–17.
Mészáros, I. (1970). Marx's Theory of Alienation, Harper and Row, New York.
Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections (1881). W. S. George, Lansing, Vol. 3.
Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections (1910). Burton, M. A. (ed.), Wynkoop Hallenback Crawford, State Printers, Lansing, MI, Vol. 17.
Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections (1911). Burton, M. A. (ed.), Wynkoop Hallenback Crawford, State Printers, Lansing, MI, Vol. 18.
Miller, G. (1980). Classification and economic scaling of 19th century ceramics. Historical Archaeology 14: 1–40.
Mires, P. (1995). Farmstead archaeology, theory and research questions. In Mires, P., and Bullock, M. (Eds.), The Farmer and the Gatekeeper: Historical Archaeology and Agriculture in Early Carson City, Nevada, Nevada Department of Transportation, Environmental Services Division, Carson City, pp. 13–34.
Moir, R. (1987). Farmstead proxemics and intrasite patterning. In Jurney, D., and Moir, R. (Eds.), Historic Buildings, Material Culture, and People of the Prairie Margin (Richland Creek Technical Series 5), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, pp. 229–234.
Moore, R. (1996). Ceramics, Glass, and Nails Laboratory Manual (on file), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo.
Mrozowski, S. (1991). Landscapes of inequality. In McGuire, R., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 79–101.
Mrozowski, S. (2000). The growth of managerial capitalism and the subtleties of class analysis in historical archaeology. In Delle, J., Mrozowski, S., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), Lines That Divide: Historical Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 276–307.
Mutch, R. (1979). Colonial America and the debate about the transition to capitalism. Theory and Society 9(6): 847–865.
Nash, G. (1982). Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Nassaney, M. (1989). An epistemological enquiry into some archaeological and historical interpretations of 17th century Native American–European relations. In Shennan, S. (ed.), Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, Unwin Hyman, London, UK, pp. 76–93.
Nassaney, M. (1998a). Introduction. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek: The 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeological Report No. 20), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, pp. 1–4.
Nassaney, M. (Ed.)(1998b). Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek: The 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeological Report No. 20), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo.
Nassaney, M. (1999a). Introduction. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), An Intensive Archaeological Survey of the James and Ellen G. White House Site (20CA118), Battle Creek, Michigan (Archaeological Report No. 21), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, pp. 1–8.
Nassaney, M. (Ed.)(1999b). An Intensive Archaeological Survey of the James and Ellen G. White House Site (20CA118), Battle Creek, Michigan (Archaeological Report No. 21), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo.
Nassaney, M., and Abel, M. (1993). The social and political contexts of cutlery production in the Connecticut Valley. Dialectical Anthropology 18: 247–289.
Nassaney, M., and Abel, M. (2000). Urban spaces, labor organization, and social control: Lessons from New England's nineteenth-century cutlery industry. In Delle, J., Mrozowski, S., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), Lines That Divide: Historical Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 239–275.
Nassaney, M., Kuemin, N., and Sayers, D. O. (1998a). Landscape reconstruction and its implications for social relations at the Shepard site. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek: The 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeological Report No. 20), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Chap. 6, pp. 111–134.
Nassaney, M., and Nickolai, C. (1999). Selective memories and the material world: The changing significance of the Warren B. Shepard site, Battle Creek, Michigan. Material History Review 50: 76–85.
Nassaney, M., Rotman, D., Sayers, D.O., and Nickolai, C. (2001). The Southwest Michigan Historical Landscape Project: Exploring class, gender, and ethnicity from the ground up. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 5(3): 219–261.
Nassaney, M., Sayers, D. O., and Kuemin, N. (1998b). Research findings: Features and land-use patterns. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek: The 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeological Report No. 20), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Chap. 4, pp. 51–76.
Nassaney, M., Sayers, D.O., and Nickolai, C. (1998c). Site description and historical background: Interpreting cultural landscapes. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek: The 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeological Report No. 20), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Chap. 2, pp. 5–24.
Nassaney, M., Sayers, D. O., Nickolai, C., and Sauck, W. (1998d). Site description and historical background: Interpreting cultural landscapes. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek: The 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeological Report No. 20), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Chap. 3, pp. 25–50.
Neumeyer, E. (1991). A Michigan trail of tears: The Holcomb reminiscence. Heritage Battle Creek, 1: 54–59.
Nickolai, C. (1994). Ella Sharp's Hillside Farm: Expressions of Class and Gender in Nineteenth-Century Rural Michigan, MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo.
Nickolai, C., and Nassaney, M. (1999). Research findings: Material culture. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), An Intensive Archaeological Survey of the James and Ellen G. White House Site (20CA118), Battle Creek, Michigan (Archaeological Report No. 21), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, pp. 95–118.
Nobles, G. (1990). The rise of merchants in rural market towns: A case study of eighteenth-century Northhampton, Massachusetts. Journal of Social History 24(1): 5–24.
Nugent, D. (2002). Introduction. In Nugent, D. (ed.), Locating Capitalism in Time and Space: Global Restructuring, Politics, and Identity, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 1–59.
Oak Hill Cemetery Interment List, 1983 (...). Records for Lots 198 and 567, Oak Hill Cemetery Office, Battle Creek, MI.
Ollman, B. (1973). Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Orser, C., Jr. (1988a). The Material Basis of the Postbellum Plantation: Historical Archaeology in the South Carolina Piedmont, University of Georgia Press, Athens.
Orser, C., Jr. (1988b). Toward a theory of power for historical archaeology: Plantations and space. In Leone, M., and Potter, P. (Eds.), The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, pp. 313–344.
Orser, C., Jr. (1991). Historical archaeology and the capitalist transformation of the Illinois countryside. In Schroeder, E. (ed.), Landscape, Architecture, and Artifacts: Historical Archaeology of the Nineteenth-Century Illinois, Illinois Cultural Resources Study No. 15, Springfield, pp. 14–21.
Orser, C., Jr. (1994). Corn-belt agriculture during the Civil War, 1850–1870. In Geier, C., and Winter, S. (Eds.), Look to the Earth: Historical Archaeology and the American Civil War, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 173–189.
Orser, C., Jr. (1996a). Beneath the surface of things: Commodities, artifacts, and slave plantations. In Preucel, R., and Hodder, I. (Eds.), Contemporary Archaeology in Theory, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 189–201.
Orser, C., Jr. (1996b). A Historical Archaeology of the Modern World, Plenum Press, New York.
Orser, C., Jr. (1999). Capitalist farm tenancy in America. In Leone, M., and Potter, P. (Eds.), Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism, Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp. 143–167.
Orser, C., Jr. (2000). Taking the pulse of modernity. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 4(3): 275–280.
Orser, C., Jr. (2001). The anthropology in historical archaeology. American Anthropologist 103(3): 621–632.
Osterud, N. (1991). Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Osterud, N. (1993). Gender and the transition to capitalism in rural America. Agricultural History 67(2): 14–30.
Paynter, R. (1982). Models of Spatial Inequality, Academic Press, New York.
Paynter, R. (1988). Steps toward an archaeology of capitalism: Material change and class analysis. In Leone, M., and Potter, P. (Eds.), The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 407–433.
Paynter, R. (1999). Epilogue: Class analysis and historical archaeology. Historical Archaeology 33(1): 184–195.
Paynter, R. (2000a). Historical and anthropological archaeology: Forging alliances. Journal of Archaeological Research 8(1): 1–37.
Paynter, R. (2000b). Historical archaeology and the post-Columbian world of North America. Journal of Anthropological Research 8(3): 169–217.
Paynter, R., and McGuire, R. (1991). The archaeology of inequality: Material culture, domination, and resistance. In McGuire, R., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 1–27.
Post, C. (1982). The American road to capitalism. New Left Review. 133: 30–51.
Post, C. (1995). The agrarian origins of US capitalism: The transformation of the northern countryside before the Civil War. Journal of Peasant Studies 22(3): 389–345.
Post, C. (1997). The agricultural revolution in the United States: The development of capitalism and the adoption of the reaper in the antebellum U.S. north. Science and Society 61(2): 216–228.
Price, C. (1985). Patterns of cultural behavior and intra-site distributions of faunal remains at the Widow Harris site. Historical Archaeology 19(2): 40–56
Products of Agriculture and Industry Census (1850). Calhoun County, Battle Creek Twp., MI (Microfilm).
Products of Agriculture and Industry Census (1860). Calhoun County, Battle Creek Twp., MI (Microfilm).
Pruitt, B. (1984). Self-sufficiency and the agricultural economy of eighteenth-century Massachusetts. William and Mary Quarterly 61(3): 333–364.
Ratner, J. (1991). The “battle” of the creek, or, the invention of history. Heritage Battle Creek, 1: 60–65.
Reckner, P., and Brighton, S. (1999). “Free from all vicious habits”: Archaeological perspectives on class conflict and the rhetoric of temperance. Historical Archaeology 33(1): 63–86.
Rees, M., and Smart, J. (2001). Plural globalities in multiple localities: Introductory thoughts. In Rees, M., and Smart, J. (Eds.), Plural Globalities in Multiple Localities: New World Borders, University Press of America, Lanham, MD, pp. 1–18.
Reitz, E. (1994). Zooarchaeological analysis of a free African-American community: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose. Historical Archaeology 28(1): 23–40.
Remer, D. (1992). The Van Hoosen farm site (20OK424), circa 1840. The Michigan Archaeologist 38(3): 139–171.
Roberts, E. W. (1932). Rambles with a Camera. Unpublished photograph and text collection, Willard Library, Battle Creek, MI.
Roseberry, W. (1988). Political economy. Annual Review of Anthropology 17: 161–185.
Roseberry, W. (1989). Anthropologies and Histories: Essays in Culture, History, and Political Economy, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
Roseberry, W. (2002). Understanding capitalism, historically, structurally and spatially. In Nugent, D. (ed.), Locating Capitalism in Time and Space: Global Restructuring, Politics, and Identity, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 61–79.
Rotenizer, D. (1992). In the yard: An examination of spatial organization and subdivision of activity areas on rural farmsteads of the Upland South. In Young, A., and Faulkner, C (Eds.), Ohio Valley Urban and Historic Archaeology: Proceedings of the Tenth Symposium, Tennessee Anthropological Association, Miscellaneous Paper No. 16, Knoxville, pp. 1–21.
Rothenberg, W. (1980). The market and Massachusetts farmers. Journal of Economic History 61(2): 283–314.
Rothenberg, W. (1985). The emergence of a capital market in rural Massachusetts, 1730–1838. The Journal of Economic History 65(4): 781–807.
Rothenberg, W. (1988). The emergence of farm labor markets and the transformation of the rural economy: Massachusetts, 1750–1855. The Journal of Economic History 68(3): 537–570.
Rotman, D. (1995). Class and Gender in Southwestern Michigan: Interpreting Historical Landscapes, MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Rotman, D., and Nassaney, M. (1997). Class, gender, and the built environment: Deriving social relations from cultural landscapes in southwest Michigan. Historical Archaeology 31(2): 42–62.
Rust, E. (1869). Calhoun County Business Directory for 1869–1870, E. Rust, Battle Creek, MI.
Sauck, W. A. (1998). Appendix B: Geophysical results. In Nassaney, M (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek, Michigan, the 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeology Report No. 20), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, pp. 149–176.
Sayers, D. O. (1997). Archaeological approaches to site patterning at a nineteenth-century farmstead in southwest Michigan. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Grand Rapids.
Sayers, D. O. (1998a). Gaining an understanding of mid-19th century political and socio–economic transformations in rural southwest Michigan through historical archaeology. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Alma.
Sayers, D. O. (1998b). Appendix C: Artifact inventory. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek, Michigan, the 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeology Report No. 20), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, pp. 177–238.
Sayers, D. O. (1999a). Of Agrarian Landscapes and Capitalist Transitions: Historical Archaeology and the Political Economy of a Nineteenth-Century Farmstead, MA Thesis, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo.
Sayers, D. O. (1999b). They weren't just passing through: The Underground Railroad and Battle Creek's African-American community, 1836–1880. Heritage Battle Creek: A Journal of Local History, 9: 82–92.
Sayers, D. O. (manuscript under review). The underground railroad re-considered. Western Journal of Black Studies.
Sayers, D. O., and Lapham, J. D. (1995). Warren B. Shepard: An Anthropological Perspective, Manuscript on file at Western Michigan University Anthropology Department, Kalamazoo, Michigan and The Historical Society of Battle Creek Archives, Battle Creek.
Sayers, D. O., and Lapham, J. D. (1996). Digging through the documents, data, and dirt: The forgotten years of Warren Bronson Shepard. Heritage Battle Creek: A Journal of Local History 6: 38–45.
Sayers, D. O., and Nassaney, M. (1997). Spatial organization of 19th century farmsteads: An example from Southwest Michigan. Paper presented at the Third Annual Historical Archaeology Conference of the Upper Midwest, Red Wing, MN.
Sayers, D. O., and Nassaney, M. (1999). Antebellum landscapes and agrarian political economies: Modeling progressive farmsteads in southwest Michigan. The Michigan Archaeologist 45(3): 74–117.
Sayers, D. O., and Nassaney, M. (2001). Exploring the political–economic obstacles in the transition to agrarian capitalism: A landscape analysis from Battle Creek, Michigan. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Long Beach, CA.
Sayers, D. O., Nassaney, M., and McMillan, C. (1998). Research findings: Material objects. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), Historical Archaeology in Battle Creek, Michigan, the 1996 Field Season at the Warren B. Shepard Site (20CA104) (Archaeology Report No. 20), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Chap. 5, pp. 77–110.
Sayers, D. O., Nassaney, M., and Wilson, B. (1999). Historical background. In Nassaney, M. (ed.), An Intensive Archaeological Survey of the James and Ellen G. White House Site (20CA118), Battle Creek, Michigan (Archaeological Report No. 21), Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Chap. 3, pp. 25–44.
Schiffer, M. (1987). Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Schlereth, T. (1983). The New England presence on the Midwest landscape. The Old Northwest 9(2): 125–142.
Schlereth, T. (1992). Conduits and conduct: Home utilities in Victorian America, 1876–1915. In Foy, J., and Schlereth, T. (Eds.), American Home Life, 1880–1930: A Social History of Spaces, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 225–241.
Schob, D. (1975). Hired Hands and Plow Boys: Farm Labor in the Midwest, 1815–1860, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Schoolcraft, H. (1838). Map of Battle Creek Area in Calhoun County, Located at the Bentley Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Schrire, C. (1995). Digging Through the Darkness: Chronicles of an Archaeologist, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.
Schulz, P., and Gust, S. (1983). Faunal remains and social status in 19th century Sacramento. Historical Archaeology 17(1): 44–53.
Shackel, P. (1993). Personal Discipline and Material Culture: An Archaeology of Annapolis, Maryland, 1695–1870, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Shanks, M., and Tilley, C. (1987). Re-Constructing Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Shepard, W. [WSAL] (1843). Warren Shepard Account Ledger, 1843–1858, Document on file at Historical Society of Battle Creek Archives, Battle Creek, MI.
Singleton, T. (1999). An introduction to African-American archaeology. In Singleton, T. (ed.), I, Too, Am America: Archaeological Studies of African-American Life, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. 1–17.
Small, N. (1996). The search for a new rural order: Farmhouses in Sutton, Massachusetts, 1790–1830. William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 53(1): 67–86.
Snyder, J. (1995). Historical Staffordshire: American Patriots and Views, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, PA.
South, S. (1978). Research strategies for archaeological pattern recognition on historic sites. World Archaeology, 10(1): 36–50.
South, S. (1979). Historic site content, structure, and function. American Antiquity 44(2): 213–237.
Spencer-Wood, S. (1991). Toward an historical archaeology of materialistic domestic reform. In McGuire, R., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 231–286.
Stewart-Abernathy, L. (1986). Moser, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No. 26, Fayetteville, AR.
Stewart-Abernathy, L. (1992). Industrial goods in the service of tradition: Consumption and cognition on an Ozark farmstead before the Great War. In Yentsch, A., and Beaudry, M. (Eds.), The Art and Mystery of Historical Archaeology: Essays in Honor of James Deetz, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 101–126.
Stewart-Abernathy, L., and Ruff, B. (1989). A good man in Israel: Zooarchaeology and assimilation in antebellum Washington, Arkansas. Historical Archaeology 23(2): 96–112.
Stine, L. (1990). Social inequality and turn-of-the-century farmsteads: Issues of class, status, ethnicity, and race. Historical Archaeology 24(4): 37–49.
Stine, L. (1992). Social differentiation down on the farm. In Claassen, C. (ed.), Exploring Gender Through Archaeology: Selected Papers From the 1991 Boone Conference, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 103–109.
Straw, H. (1938). Battle Creek: A study of urban geography: Part II. Origin and development and functional interpretation. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 24(3): 71–92.
Tryon, R. (1917). Household Manufactures in the United States, 1640–1860, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Tucker, R. (Ed.)(1972). The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd edn., Norton, New York.
Valtukh, K. (1987). Marx's Theory of Commodity and Surplus-Value, Progress Publishers, Moscow.
Van Buren, A.D.P. (1855). Letter to Genevieve, 8 February 1855. In the Anson DuPuey Van Buren Papers Collection, 1822–1892. Located at the Bentley Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Wall, D. (2000). Family meals and evening parties: Constructing domesticity in nineteenth-century middle-class New York. In Delle, J., Mrozowski, S., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), Lines That Divide: Historical Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 109–141.
Wallerstein, I. (1993). The Capitalist World-Economy: Essays by Immanuel Wallerstein, Cambridge University Press, MA.
Weber, M. (1992). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Routledge, London, UK. (Originally published 1930)
Weigmink, H. (1930). Early Days of Battle Creek, Manuscript collection on file, Historical Society of Battle Creek Archives, Battle Creek, MI.
Weissert, C. (1920). Historic Michigan, Land of the Great Lakes, Vol. 3, National Historic Association, Dayton, OH.
Welter, B. (1966). The cult of true womanhood: 1820–1860. American Quarterly 18: 151–174.
Western Michigan University Field Notes (1998). Archaeological field notes for Shepard Site (20CA104), unit N109 E40, on file, Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI.
Williams, P. (1978). Staffordshire Romantic Transfer Patterns: Cups, Plates, and Early Victorian China, Fountain House East, Jeffersontown, KY.
Wilson, J. (1991). We've got thousands of these! What makes an historic farmstead significant? Historical Archaeology 24: 23–33.
Wolf, E. (1982). Europe and the People Without History, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Wood, G. (1999). Was America born capitalist? Wilson Quarterly, Spring: 36–46.
Wurst, L. (1999). Internalizing class in historical archaeology. Historical Archaeology 33(1): 22–38.
Yentsch, A. (1991). The symbolic divisions of pottery. In McGuire, R., and Paynter, R. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 192–230.
Yentsch, A. (1994). A Chesapeake Family and Their Slaves: A Study in Historical Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Zinn, H. (1980). A People's History of the United States, Harper and Row, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sayers, D.O. Glimpses Into the Dialectics of Antebellum Landscape Nucleation in Agrarian Michigan. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 10, 369–432 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JARM.0000005511.55519.1f
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JARM.0000005511.55519.1f