Abstract
A study of the electrochemistry of trace metals in heavy metal fluoride melts at 550 °C has been conducted at a stationary electrode with a view to establishing electroanalytical methods for these melts. Reproducible differential pulse voltammetry traces were obtained, the trace metal oxidation peaks behaving as predicted by the theory of Osteryoung et al. The peak current for Fe2+ reduction in a fluoride melt was found to be linear in pulse amplitude up to 70 mV and linear in (pulse duration)−1/2. The peak potential was also found to be a linear function of pulse amplitude. Scan rates around 3 mV s−1 and sampling times around 8 ms were found to produce the optimum analytical response.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.E. Comyns, 'Fluoride Glasses, Critical Reviews in Applied Chemistry' (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1989).
Z. Zhou, P.J. Newman and D.R. MacFarlane, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 161 (1993) 36.
R.A. Osteryoung and J. Osteryoung, Phil. Trans. R. Lond. A 302 (1981) 315.
E.P. Parry and R.A. Osteryoung, Anal. Chem. 36 (1964) 1367.
E.P. Parry and R.A. Osteryoung, Anal. Chem. 37 (1965) 1634.
G.D. Christian, J. Electroanal. Chem. 22 (1969) 333.
H. Blutstein and A.M. Bond, Anal. Chem. 48 (1976) 248.
J.H. Christie and R.A. Osteryoung, J. Electroanal. Chem. 49 (1974) 301.
J.B. Flato, Anal. Chem. 44 (1972) 75A.
'Instruction Manual, Polarographic Analyzer, Model 174A', (Princeton Applied Research Corporation, pV-9 1977).
E.E. Steward and R.B. Smart, Anal. Chem. 56 (1984) 1131.
A.M. Bond and R.J. O'Halloran, J. Electroanal. Chem. 68 (1976) 257.
L. Jackson, J. Osteryoung and R.A. Osteryoung, Anal. Chem. 52 (1980) 66.
F. Scholz, L. Nitschke and G. Henrion, Anal. Chem. Acta 199 (1987) 167.
R.W. Andrews, J.H. Larochelle and D.C. Johnson, Anal. Chem. 48 (1976) 212.
N.C. Fawcett, Anal. Chem. 48 (1976) 215.
B.L. Dennis, J.L. Moyers and G.S. Wilson, Anal. Chem. 48 (1976) 1611.
J.R. Donat and K.W. Bruland, Anal. Chem. 60 (1988) 240.
S.B. Adeloju, A.M. Bond and M.H. Briggs, Anal. Chem. 57 (1985) 1386.
F.G. Gonon, F. Navarre and M.J. Buda, Anal. Chem. 56 (1984) 573.
E. Temmerman and F. Verkeek, J. Electroanal. Chem. 12 (1966) 158.
E. Temmerman and F. Verkeek, Anal. Chem. Acta 50 (1970) 505.
S.T. Crosmun and T.R. Mueller, Anal. Chim. Acta 75 (1975) 199.
H.E. Keller and R.A. Osteryoung, Anal. Chem. 43 (1971) 342.
S.C. Rifkin and D.H. Evans, Anal. Chem. 48 (1976) 1616.
S.C. Rifkin and D.H. Evans, Anal. Chem. 48 (1976) 2174.
T.M. Laher, L.E. McCurry and G. Mamantov, Anal. Chem. 57 (1985) 500.
F. Palmisano, L. Sabbatini and P.G. Zambonin, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I, 80 (1984) 1029.
J.H. Christie, J. Osteryoung and R.A. Osteryoung, Anal. Chem. 45 (1973) 210.
G. Mamantov, in G. Mamantov (Ed.), 'Molten Salts' (Dekker, New York, 1969), p. 535.
Z. Zhou and D.R. MacFarlane, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 140 (1992) 215.
Z. Zhou, P.J. Newman and D.R. MacFarlane, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 161 (1993) 27.
S. Bao, P.J. Newman, A. Voelkel, Z. Zhou and D.R. MacFarlane, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 184 (1995) 194.
Z. Zhou, P.J. Newman, D.K.Y. Wong and D.R. MacFarlane, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 140 (1992) 297.
J.C. Fajardo, G.H. Sigel, Jr., B.C. Edwards, R.I. Epstein, T.R. Gosnell and C.E. Mungan, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 213 & 214 (1997) 95.
M.T. Murtagh, G.H. Sigel, Jr., J.C. Fajardo, B.C. Edwards and R.I. Epstein, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 256 & 257 (1999) 207.
F.R. Clayton, G. Mamantov and D.L. Manning, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 1193.
M. Cable, in D.R. Uhlmann and N.J. Kreidl (Eds), 'Glass Science and Technology' Vol. 2, Processing I, (Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, 1984), p. 26.
L.I. Antropov, 'Theoretical Electrochemistry', Translated from the Russian by A. Beknazarov, (Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1972), p. 181.
G.C. Barker and A.W. Gardner, A.E.R.E. C/R 2297 London, H.M.S.O. (1958).
A.M. Bond, in A.J. Bard (Ed.), 'Modern Polarographic Methods in Analytical Chemistry' (Dekker, New York, 1980), p. 250.
A.J. Bard and L.R. Faulkner, 'Electrochemical Methods; Fundamentals and Applications' (John Wiley, New York, 1980), p. 199.
A.M. Bond, 'Modern Polarographic Methods in Analytical Chemistry' (Dekker, New York, 1980), p. 269.
K.F. Drake and R.P. Van Duyne, J. Electroanal. Chem. 89 (1978) 231.
A.M. Bond and B.S. Grabaric, Anal. Chim. Acta 88 (1977) 227.
A.M. Bond, in A.J. Bard (Ed.) 'Modern Polarographic Methods in Analytical Chemistry' (Dekker, New York, 1980), p. 249.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Macfarlane, D., Zhou, Z. & Newman, P. Differential pulse voltammetry studies of heavy metal fluoride melts. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 34, 197–204 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JACH.0000009925.38177.fd
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JACH.0000009925.38177.fd