Gillum RF. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Black Americans. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1597-1599.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gillum RF. Heart failure in the United States 1970-1985. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1043-1045.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control. 1998 changes in mortality from heart failure-United States. Mor Mortal Wkly 1980-1995;Re. 47(30)
The SOLVD Investigators. Effects of enalapril on mortal-ity and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685-691.
Google Scholar
Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, Cooper HA, et al. Racial differences in the outcome of left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 609-616.
PubMed
Google Scholar
ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for ALLHAT Col-laborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic. JAMA 2002; 288: 2981-2997.
Google Scholar
Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN. Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: Analysis of the vasodilator-Heart failure trials. J of Cardiac Failure 1999; 5: 178-187.
Google Scholar
Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1349-1355.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Packer M, Coats AJS, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1651-1658.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Merit-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL randomized intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353: 2001-2007.
Google Scholar
The Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Investigators. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1659-1667.
Google Scholar
Yancy CW, Fowler MB, Colucci WS, et al. Race and the response to adrenergic blockade with carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1651-1658.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goldstein S, Deedwania P, Gottlieb S, Wikstrand J for the MERIT-HF Study Group. Metoprolol CR/XL in black patients with heart failure (from the metoprolol CR/XL randomized intervention trial in chronic heart failure). Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 478-480.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Plehn JF, Krause-Steinrauf H, Anand IS, Gottleib S, O'Connor CM, Silver M, White M, Carson. Effect of race on cause specific mortality in BEST. Circulation 2000; 102: II-779.
Google Scholar
Eichhorn EJ, Domanski MJ, et al. Hemodynamic functional and neurohormonal responses to beta-blockade in black vs. non-black patients in BEST. Circulation 2000; 102: II-778.
Google Scholar
Eichhorn EJ, Domanski MJ, Adams K, Anderson JL Bristow MR Carson P, Yancy C, Krause-Steinrauf H. Effect of Beta-Blockade on Mortality in African Americans: The Beta-blocker evaluation survival trial. Circulation 2000; 102: II-778.
Google Scholar
Swedberg K, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effects of moxonidine SR, an imidazoline agonist, on plasma nore-pinephrine in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1996; 94: 690-697.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yancy CW. Heart failure therapy in blacks: Same or different illness? In: Willenheimer R, Swedberg K, eds. Tailoring Heart Failure Therapy, 1st edn. A Martin Dunitz Book, Lund: Taylor & Francis, 2003; 55-72.
Xie HG, Kim RA, Wood AJ, Stein CM. Molecular basis of ethnic differences n drug disposition and response. Annu Rev Phamacol Toxicol 2001; 41: 815-850.
Google Scholar
Small KM, Forbes SL, Rhaman FF, Bridges KM, Ligett SB. A four amino acid deletion polymorphism in the third intracellular loop of the human alpha 2c-adrenergic receptor confers impaired coupling to multiple effectors J Bio Chem 2000; 275: 23059-23064.
Google Scholar
Borjesson M, Magnusson Y, Andersson B. A novel polymorphism in the gene coding for the beta-1 receptor associated with survival in patients with heart failure. JACC 1999; 33: 261A.
Google Scholar
Johnson JA, Burlew BS, Stiles RN. Racial differences in beta adrenoreceptor mediated responsiveness. J Cardio-vasc Pharmacol 1995; 25: 90-96.
Google Scholar
Stein CM, Lang CC, Nelson R, Brown M, Wood AJJ. Va-sodilation in Black Americans: Attenuated nitric oxide-mediated responses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 62: 436-443.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cardillo C, Kilcone CM, Cannon III RO, Panza JA Attenuation of cylic nucleotide-mediated smooth muscle relaxation in blacks as a cause of racial differences in vasodilator function. Circulation 1999; 99: 90-95.
PubMed
Google Scholar