Skip to main content
Log in

Combining GDSS and Gaming for Decision Support

  • Published:
Group Decision and Negotiation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Both gaming and group (decision) support systems (GDSS) are frequently used to support decision-making and policymaking in multi-actor settings. Despite the fact that there are a number of ways in which gaming and GDSS can be used in a complementary manner, there are only sporadic examples of their combined use. No systematic overview or framework exists in which GDSS are related to the functions of gaming or vice versa. In this article, we examine, why, how and for what purpose GDSS can be used to enrich and improve gaming simulation for decision support, and vice versa. In addition to a review of examples found in the literature, four games are discussed where we combined gaming and GDSS for complex decision making in a multi actor context: incodelta, a game about transportation corridors; infrastratego, a game about a liberalizing electricity market; containers a drift, a game about the planning of a container terminal, and; dubes, a game about sustainable urban renewal. Based on the literature and these four experiences, a classification is presented of (at least) four ways in which GDSS and gaming can be used in a complementary or even mutually corrective, manner: the use of GDSS for game design, for game evaluation, for game operation and the use of gaming for research, testing and training of GDSS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Affisco, J. (2000). “My Experiences with Simulation/Gaming-5 Years Further Down the Road,” Simulation and Gaming 31 (1), 42–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelides, M. and R. J. Paul. (1999). “A Methodology for Specific, Total Role-Playing, Intelligent Gaming-Simulation Environment Development,” Decision Support Systems 25 (2), 89–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asakawa, T. and N. Gilbert. (2003). “Synthesizing Experiences: Lessons to be Learned from Internet-Mediated Simulation-Games,” Simulation & Gaming 34 (1), 10–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asselt, M. van and N. Rijkens-Klomp. (2002). “A Look in the Mirror: Reflection in Participation in Integrated Assessment from a Methodological Perspective,” Global Environmental Change 12 (3), 167–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, J. (1998) Handbook of Simulation; Principles, Methodology, Advances, Applications and Practice. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bockstael-Blok, W., I. Mayer, and E. Valentin. (2003). “Supporting the Design of an Inland Container Terminal through Visualization, Simulation and Gaming,” Proceedings of the 36th annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences HICSS, 1–10.

  • Bongers, F. J. (2000). Participatory Policy Analysis and Group Support Systems Tilburg: van Spaendonck (PhD thesis).

  • Bots, P. W. G., M. J. W. van Twist, and J. H. R. van Duin. (1999). “Designing a Power Tool for Policy Analysts: Dynamic Actor Network Analysis,” Proceedings of the 3rd Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, Los Alamitos, CA.

  • Brewer, G. and M. Shubik. (1979). The War Game. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bueren, E. van, P. Bots, R. Seijdel, and I. Mayer. (2002). “The DuBes game: Supporting Sustainable Urban Renewal Projects,” in I. Mayer and W. Veeneman (eds.), Games in a World of Infrastructures. Simulationgames for Research, Learning and Intervention Delft: Eburon, 125–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carton, L. and S. Karstens et al. (2002). “The W4S Game: Exploring the Future of Consequences of Water Management,” in I. Mayer and W. Veeneman (eds.), Games in a World of Infrastructures. Simulation-Games for Research, Learning and Intervention. Delft: Eburon, 85–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crookall, D. and K. Arai (eds.). (1995). Simulation and Gaming Across Disciplines and Cultures. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, A. R. and R. B. Gallupe. (1993). “A History of Group Support Systems Empirical Research. Lessons Learned and Future Directions,” in L. Jessup and J. Valacich (eds.), Group Support Systems. New Perspectives. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeSanctis, G. and R. B. Gallupe. (1987). “A Foundation of the Study of Group Decision Support Systems,” Management Science 33: 589–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, R. (1974) Gaming the Future's Language. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, R. (1980) “A Paradigm for Game Design,” Simulation and Games 11 (3), 364–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, R. (1998) “The Gaming Discipline as Perceived by the Policy and Organization Sciences,” in J. Geurts, C. Joldersma, and E. Roelofs (eds.), Gaming/Simulation for Policy Development and Organizational Change. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, R. (2000) “A Personal Perspective on the Evolution of Gaming,” Simulation and Gaming 31 (1) 79–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eden, C. (1995) “On Evaluating the Performance of “Wide-band GDSS's,” European Journal of Operational Research 81, 302–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eden, C. and F. Ackerman. (1998). Making Strategy: The Journey of Strategic Management. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eden, C. and F. Ackerman. (2001). “Group Decision and Negotiation in Strategy Making,” Group Decision and Negotiation 10, 199–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erisman, J. et al. (2002). “NitroGenius: A Nitrogen Decision Support System-A Game to Develop the Optimal Policy to Solve the Dutch Nitrogen Pollution Problem,” AMBIO 31 (20), 190–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genugten, M., van, D. Vogel, and J. Nunamaker. (1998). Group Support Systems in Primary Processes. Paper presented at HICSS.

  • Geurts, J. and C. Joldersma. (2001). “Methodology for Participatory Policy Analysis,” European Journal of Operational Research 128 (2), 300–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geurts, J., C. Joldersma, and E. Roelofs (eds.). (1998). Gaming/Simulation for Policy Development and Organizational Change. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gieszen, J., C. Sluijs, and H. Pollen. (1998). “Electronic Meeting Software: Co-operative Decision-making and the Creative Logic Approach,” in J. Geurts, F. Joldersma, and E. Roelofs (eds.), Gaming/Simulation for Policy Development and Organizational Change. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press,237–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansmann, R., M. Weymann, C. Francke, and R. Scholz. (2002). Internet-based Environmental Education: Two Experiments on the Simulation-game SimUlme. Paper presented at ISAGA conference.

  • Huber, G. P. (1984) “Issues in the Design of Group Decision Support Systems,” MIS Quarterly 3, 95–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jong, M de and I. Mayer. (2002). “The Incodelta Game-Alternative Decision-making Models for Transportation Corridors,” in I. Mayer and W. Veeneman (eds.), Games in a World of Infrastructures. Simulation-games for Research, Learning and Intervention. Delft: Eburon, 67–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, L., C. Harrell, and J. Leavy. (1991). “The Three Reasons Why Simulation Fails,” Industrial Engineering 23 (4), 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khoong, C. M. (1995). “Decision-Support Systems-An Extended Research Agenda,” Omega-International Journal of Management Science 23 (2), 221–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klabbers, J. (1987). “A User-oriented Taxonomy of Games and Simulations,” in D. Crookall, C. Greenblat, A. Coote, J. Klabbers, and D. Watson (eds.), Simulation-gaming in the Late 1980s. Oxford: Pergamon, 261–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klabbers, J. and M. Gust. (1998). “Enhancing Organizational Change and Policy Development through Gaming,” in J. Geurts, C. Joldersma, and E. Roelofs (eds.), Gaming/simulation for Policy Development and Organizational Change. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuit, M. and I. Mayer. (2002). “Infrastratego: Evaluating Strategic Behavior in a Liberalized Electricity Industry,” in I. Mayer and W. Veeneman (eds.), Games in a World of Infrastructures. Simulation-games for Research, Learning and Intervention. Delft: Eburon, 225–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laere, J. van. (2003). Co-ordinating Distributed Work: Exploring Situated Co-ordination with Gaming Simulation. Delft: Delft University Press (PhD thesis, in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laere, J. van, G. J. de Vreede, and H. G. Sol. (2000). “Designing Intra-Organisational Distributed Co-ordination at the Amsterdam Policy Force,” Journal of Information Technology Cases and Applications 2 (4), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lainema, T. (2001) “Enhancing Participant Business Process Perception through Business Gaming,” Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science.

  • Mastik, H., R. Scalzo, C. Termeer, and R. in't Veld. (1995). Simulatie van Wetgeving; een Verkenning van Gebruiksmogelijkheden van Spelsimulatie voor Ex-ante Evaluatie van Wetgeving. Den Haag: Sdu (in Dutch).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, I. and W. Veeneman (eds.). (2002). Games in a World of Infrastructures. Simulation-games for Research, Learning and Intervention. Delft: Eburon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, I., W. Bockstael-Blok, and E. Valentin. (2002). “Containers a Drift: Visualization-Simulation of an Inland Container Terminal Design,” in I. Mayer and W. Veeneman (eds.), Games in a World of Infrastructures; Simulation-Games for Research, Learning and Intervention 105–124.

  • McGrath, J. E. and A. B. Hollingshead. (1994). Groups Interacting with Technology: Ideas, Evidence, Issues and an Agenda. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meadows, D. (1989) “Gaming to Implement System Dynamics Models,” in P. Milling and E. Zahn (eds.), ComputerBased Management of Complex Systems. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 635–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinsma, R. (1997). Decision Support in Business Environments. Delft: Delft University of Technology (PhD thesis).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinsma. R., C. Termeer, and G. J. de Vreede. (1998). “The Impact of Animated Simulation on Communication Process,” in J. Geurts, C. Joldersma, and E. Roelofs (eds.), Gaming/Simulation for Policy Development and Organizational Change. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 113–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, J. (1971) AIDA-A Technique for the Management of Design. Coventry: Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, Institute of Operational Research.

  • Nunamaker, J. F. et al. (1991). “Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work,” Communications of the ACM 34 (7), 40–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunamaker, J. F. et al. (eds.). (1997). “Lessons from a Dozen of Years of Group Support Systems Research: A Discussion of Lab and Field Findings,” Journal of MIS 13 (3), 163–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peperkamp, E. (1996). It is all in the Game. Investment Decisions at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Delft University of Technology (Master Thesis, in Dutch).

  • Pillutla, S. (2003) “Creating a Web-Based Simulation-gaming Exercise Using PERL and JavaScript,” Simulation & Gaming 34 (1), 112–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S. (1999) “Three Sources of Simulation Inaccuracy (And How to Overcome Them),” in P. A. Farrington, H. B. Nembhard, D. T. Sturrock, and G. W. Evans (eds.), Proceedings of the 1999 Winter Simulation Conference. Los Alamitos, IEEE Computer Society Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadowski, D. and M. R. Grabau. (2000). “Tips for Successful Practice of Simulation,” in J. A. Joines, R. R. Barton, K. Kang, and P. A. Fishwick (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2000 Wintersim Conference. Los Alamitos, IEEE Computer Society Press, 69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shubik, M. (1975) Games for Society, Business and War: Towards a Theory of Gaming. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smits, M. and C. Takkenberg. (1998). “Mental Models and Cognitive Mapping in an Experimental Set-Up,” in J. Geurts, C. Joldersma, and E. Roelofs (eds.), Gaming/Simulation for Policy Development and Organizational Change. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 215–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. (1971). Instructional Planning Systems; A Gaming-Simulation Approach to Urban Problems. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thavikulwat, P. (1999). “Developing Computerized Business Gaming-Simulations,” Simulation and Gaming 30 (3), 361–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, S. and R. Duke. (1987). “Decisions at the Top: Gaming as an Aid to Formulating Policy Options,” in D. Crookall, C. Greenblat, A. Coote, J. Klabbers, and D. Watson (eds.), Simulation-Gaming in the Late 1980s. Oxford: Pergamon, 289–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentin, E. and A. Verbraeck. (2002). “Simulation Using Building Blocks,” in F. Barros and N. Giambiasi (eds.), Proceedings Conference on AI, Simulation and Planning, 65–71.

  • Valentin, E., I. Mayer, and W. Bockstael-Blok. (2002). “Simulate Designs of Container Terminals in 15 Minutes,” in A. Verbraeck and W. Krug (eds.), Simulation in Industry, 14th European Simulation, Symposium, Society for Modeling and Simulation International. Delft/Erlangen/San Diego: SCS-European Publishing House, 308–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vennix, J. (1989) Mental Models and Computer Models: Design and Evaluation of a Computer Based Learning Environment. Nijmegen (PhD Thesis).

  • Verbraeck, A. and E. Valentin. (2002). “Simulation Building Blocks for Airport Terminal Modeling,” in E. Yücesan, C. H. Chen, J. L. Snowdon, and J. M. Charnes (eds.), Proceedings Winter Simulation Conference. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vreede, G. J. de and P. C. Muller. (1997). “Why Some GSS Meetings Just Don't Work. Exploring Success Factors of Electronic Meetings,” in R. Gallier et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Cork, Ireland, Vol. III, 1266–1285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vreede, G. J. de and R. J. S. Mgaya. (2001). “Supporting Higher Education through Electronic Meeting Support in Tanzania,” Proceedings of the Hawaiian Conference on System Sciences, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1–10.

  • Vreede, G. J. de and R. O. Briggs. (1999). “Group Support Systems for Innovative Information Science Education,” Journal of Informatics Education and Research 1 (1), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vreede. G. J. de and J. A. de Bruijn. (2000). “Exploring the Boundaries of Successful GSS Application: Supporting Inter-Organizational Policy Networks,” DataBase 30 (3-4), 111–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wein, B., S. Dooper, H. van Kuppeveldt. (1998). “Using Software to Support Communication in Games/Simulations,” in J. Geurts, C. Joldersma, and E. Roelofs (eds.), Gaming/Simulation of Policy Development and Organizational Change. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 231–236.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mayer, I., de Jong, M. Combining GDSS and Gaming for Decision Support. Group Decision and Negotiation 13, 223–241 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRUP.0000031076.98581.fc

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRUP.0000031076.98581.fc

Navigation