Abstract
Analysis of differentially expressed genes under conditions which favour ochratoxin A production by Penicillium nordicum was carried out by Differential Display Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (DDRT-PCR). The differential conditions were achieved by growth on different minimal media which either support or inhibit ochratoxin A production. Thirty differentially expressed genes were identified. The DDRT-PCR fragments were cloned and sequenced. The sequences obtained were analysed for homology at the protein level by GeneBank comparison. This analysis revealed several fragments with homology to enzymes which are potentially involved in the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A, in particular a polyketide synthase, a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, a halogenase, a phenylalanine t-RNA synthetase, a methylase and a fragment with homology to ABC transporter genes. All other induced genes either showed no homology to known sequences or are genes whose induction can be explained by growth in different minimal media.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antrade AC, Van Nistelrooy JGM, Peery RB, Skatrud PL and De Waard MA (2000) The role of ABC transporters from Aspergillus nidulans in protection against cytotoxic agents and in antibiotic production. Molecular and General Genetics 263: 966-977
Benito EP, Prins T and van Kan JAL (1996) Application of differential display RT-PCR to the analysis of gene expression in a plant-fungus interaction. Plant Molecular Biology 32: 947-957
Brakhage AA, Browne P and Turner G (1992) Regulation of Aspergillus nidulans penicillin biosynthesis genes acvA and ipnA by glucose. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 174: 3789-3799
Bucheli P, Kanchanomai C, Meyer I and Pittet A (2000) Development of Ochratoxin A during Robusta (Coffea canephora) coffee cherry drying. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 1358-1362
Cabanes FJ, Accensi F, Bragulat MR, Abarca ML, Castella FA, Minguez S and Pons A (2002) What is the source of ochratoxin A in wine? International Journal of Food Microbiology 79: 213-215
Castella et al. (2002) ?
Da Rocha Rosa CA, Palacios V, Combina ME, Fraga ME, De Oliveira Rekson CE, Magnoli CE and Dalcero AM (2002) Potential ochratoxin A producers from wine grapes in Argentina and Brazil. Food Additives and Contaminants 19: 408-414
Ehrlich K and Cary JW (1995) An aflatoxin biosynthesis regulatory protein (AFLR) is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Fungal Genetic Newsletter 42A: 57--
Ehrlich KC and Cotty PJ (2002) Variability in nitrogen regulation of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus strains. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 60: 174-178
Feng GH and Leonhard TJ (1998) Culture conditions control expression of the genes for aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus and A. nidulans. Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 2275-2277
Geisen R, Mayer Z, Färber P and Karolewiez A (in press) Development of a Real Time PCR system for detection of Penicillium nordicum and for monitoring ochratoxin A production by targeting the ochratoxin polyketide synthase gene. Systematic and Applied Microbiology
Harris JP and Mantle PG (2001) Biosynthesis of ochratoxins by Aspergillus ochraceus. Phytochemistry 58: 709-716
Höhler D (1998) Ochratoxin A in food and feed: Occurrence, legislation and mode of action. Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaften 37: 2-12
Huff WE and Hamilton PB (1979) Mycotoxins-their biosyn-thesis in fungi: Ochratoxins-metabolites of combined pathways. Journal of Food Protection 42: 815-820
Joosten HMLJ, Goetz J, Pittet A, Schellenberg M and Bucheli P (2001) Production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus carbonarius on coffee cherries. International Journal of Food Microbiology 65: 39-44
Kirner S, Hammer PE, Hill DS, Altmann A, Fischer I, Weislo LJ, Lanahan M, van Pee KH and Ligon J (1998) Functions encoded by pyrrolnitrin biosynthetic genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Bacteriology 180: 1939-1943
Larsen TO, Svendsen A and Smedsgaard J (2001) Biochemical characterization of ochratoxin A-producing strains of the genus Penicillium. Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 3630-3635
Liang P and Pardee AB (1992) Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 257: 967-971
Luchese RH and Harrigan WF (1993) Biosynthesis of aflatoxin-the role of nutritional factors. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 74: 5-14
Melin P, Schnürer J, Gerhart E and Wagner H (1999) Changes in Aspergillus nidulans gene expression induced by bafilomycin, a Streptomyces-produced antibiotic. Microbiology 145: 1115-1122
O'Callaghan JO, Caddick MX and Dobson ADW (2003) A polyketide synthase gene required for ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus ochraceus. Microbiology 149: 3485-3491
Peplow AW, Tag AG, Garifullina GF and Beremand MN (2003) Identification of new genes positively regulated by Tri10 and a regulatory network for trichothecene mycotoxin production. Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 2731-2736
Petzinger and Ziegler (2000) ?
Pietri A, Bertuzzi T, Pallaroni L and Piva G (2001) Occurrence of ochratoxin A in Italian wines. Food Additives and Contaminants 18: 647-654
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF and Maniatis T (1889) Molecular Cloning. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, New York, USA
Thirumala-Devi K, Mayo MA, Reddy G, Emmanuel KE, Larondelle Y and Reddy DVR (2002) Occurrence of ochratoxin A in black pepper, coriander, ginger and turmeric in India. Food Additives and Contaminants 18: 830-835
Yamazaki M, Maebayashi Y and Miyaki K (1971) Biosynthesis of ochratoxin A. Applied Microbiology 22: 276-277
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Färber, P., Geisen, R. Analysis of Differentially-Expressed Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis Genes of Penicillium Nordicum . European Journal of Plant Pathology 110, 661–669 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000032405.21833.89
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000032405.21833.89