REFERENCES
Rivlin J, Lerner A, Augarten A, Wilschanski M, Kerem E, Ephros MA:Severe Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in young patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Pediatr 132:177–179, 1998
Winesett DE, Rhoads JM, Boat TF: Pseudomembranous colitis in a patient with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr18:244–246, 1994
Hall IC, O'Toole E: Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe: Bacillus difficilis. Am J Dis Child 49:390–402, 1935
Klinger PJ, Metzger PP, Seelig MH, Pettit PD, Knudsen JM, Alvarez S: Clostridium difficile infection: Risk factors, medical and surgical management. Dig Dis 18:147–60, 2000
Kelly CP, LaMont JT: Clostridium difficile infection. Annu Rev 49:375–390, 1998
Mylonakis E, Ryan ET, Caldwerwood SB: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Arch Intern Med 161:525–531, 2001
Bartlett JG: Antibiotic associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 15:573–581, 1992
Wu TC, McCarthyVP, Gill VP: Isolation rate and toxigenic potential of Clostridium difficile isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Infect Dis 148:176, 1983
Tedesco FJ, Anderson CB, Ballinger WF: Drug-induced colitis mimicking an acute surgical condition of the abdomen. Arch Surg 110:481–484, 1975
Meyers S, Mayer L, Bottone E, Desmond E, Janowitz HD: Occurrence of Clostridium difficile toxin during the course of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 80:697–700, 1981
Fainstein V, Bodey GP, Fekety R: Relapsing pseudomembranous colitis associated with cancer chemotherapy. J Infect Dis 143:865, 1981
Peach SL, Borriello SP, Gaya H, Barclay FE, Welch AR: Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pathol 39:1013–1018, 1986
Peach SL, Borriello SP, Gaya H: Carriage of Clostridium difficile in patients with cystic fibrosis and control group. J Med Microbiol 18:5, 1984
Welkon CJ, Long SS, Thompson M Jr, Gilligan PH: Clostridium difficile in patients with cystic fibrosis. Am J Dis Child 139:805–808, 1985
Sherertz RJ, Sarubbi FA: The prevalence of Clostridium difficile and toxin in a nursery population: A comparison between patients with necrotizing enterocolitis and an asymptomatic group. J Pediatr 100:435–439, 1982
Pokorny CS, Bye PTP, Macleod C, Selby WS: Antibiotic-associated colitis and cystic fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci 37:1464–1468, 1992
Barbero GJ, Schwachman H, Grand R, et al.: Gastrointestinal and nutritional manifestations of cystic fibrosis. In Cystic Fibrosis: Projections into the Future. Mangos JA, Talamo RC (eds). Miami, Symposia Specialists, 1976, pp 83–111
Rolfe RD, Helebian S, Finegold SM: Bacterial interference between Clostridium difficile and normal fecal flora. J Infect Dis 143:470–475, 1981
Wilson KH, Silva J, Fekety R: Suppression of Clostridium difficile by normal hamster cecal flora and prevention of antibiotic-associated cecitis. Infect Immun 34:626–628, 1981
Catagliuolo l, Valenick L, Riegler M, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C: Oligosaccharide containing sialic acid and N-acetyl-glycosamine mediate Clostridium difficile toxin B(TxB) binding and biological effects in human colonic mucosa. Gastroenterology 114:A949(abstr G3889), 1998
Viscidi R, Laughon BE, Yolken R, Bo-Linn P, Moench T, Ryder RW, Bartlett JG: Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. J Infect Dis 148:93–100, 1983
Aoronsson B, Granstrom M, Mollby R, Nord CE: Serum antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxins in patients with Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Infection 13:97–101, 1985
Warny M, Vaerman JP, Avesani V, Delmee M: Human antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxinAin relation to clinical course of infection. Infect lmmun 62:384–389, 1994
Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP: Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of lgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 342:390–397, 2000
Leung DY, Kelly CP, Boguniewicz M, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT, Flores A: Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulins of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin. J Pediatr 118:633–637, 1991
Dallal RM, Harbrecht BG, Boujoukas AJ, Sirio CA, Farkas LM, Lee KK, Simmons RL: Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an under-appreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg 235:363–372, 2002
Putterman C, Rubinow A: Reactive arthritis associated with Clostridium difficile associated pseudomembranous colitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 22:420–426, 1993
Binkovitz LA, Allen E, Bloom D, Long F, Hammond S, Buonomo C, Donnelly LF: Atypical presentation of Clostridium difficile colitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Am J Roentgenol 172:517–521, 1999
Fang FC, Madinger NE: Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 330:1754, 1994
Talbot RW, Walker RC, Beart RW Jr.: Changing epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile toxin-associated colitis. Br J Surg 73:457–460, 1986
Tedesco FJ, Corless JK, Brownstein RE: Rectal sparing in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. A prospective study. Gastroenterology 77:295–297, 1979
Burbige EJ, Radigan JJ: Antibiotic associated colitis normal appearing rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 24:198–200, 1981
Pickhardt PJ, Yagan N, Siegel MJ, Balfe DM, Rothbaum RJ: Cystic fibrosis: CT findings of colonic disease. Radiology 206:725–730, 1998
Fishman EK, Kavuru M, Jones B: Pseudomembranous colitis: CT evaluation of 26 cases. Radiology 180:57–60, 1991
Merine D, Fishman EK, Jones B: Pseudomembranous colitis: CT evaluation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:1017–1020, 1987
Goodman PC, Federle MP: Pseudomembranous colitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:403–404, 1980
Yankes JR, Baker MD, Cooper C, Garbutt J: CT appearance of focal pseudomembranous colitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:394–396, 1988
Hamrick KM, Tishler JM, Schwartz ML, Koslin DB, Han SY: The CT findings in pseudomembranous colitis. Comput Med Imaging Graph 13:343–346, 1989
Schmitt-Grohe S, Wiggen E, Steffan J, Handke R, Zielen S: Severe antibiotic-associated colitis in a patient with cystic fibrosis and colonic wall thickening. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 34:224–226, 2002
Johnson S, Homann SR, Bettin KM, Quick JN, Clabots CR, Peterson LR, Gerding DN: Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med 117:297–302, 1992
Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gebhard RL, Schwartz MJ, Lee JT Jr.: Prospective randomized trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Lancet 2:1043–1046, 1983
Moyenuddin M, Williamson JC, Ohl CA: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: Current strategies for diagnosis and therapy. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 4:279–286, 2002
Bartlett JG: Treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Gastroenterology 89:1192–1195, 1985
Saginur R, Hawley CR, Bartlett JG: Colitis associated with metronidazole therapy. J Infect Dis 141:772–774, 1980
Thomson G, Clark AH, Hare K, Spilg WGS: Pseudomembranous colitis after treatment with metronidazole. Br Med J 282:864–865, 1981
Guerrant RL, Gilder TV, Steiner TS, Thielman NM, Slutsker L, Tauxe RV, Hennessy T, Griffin PM, Du Pont H, Sack RB, Tarr P, Neill M, Nachamkin I, Reller LB, Osterholm MT, Bennish ML, Pickering LK: Infectious Diseases Society of America: Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 32:331–351, 2001
Kyne L, Kelly CP: Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Gut 49:152–153, 2001
Pochapin M: The effect of probiotic on Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 95: S11–S13, 2000
Surawicz CM, Elmer GW, Speelman P, McFarland LV, Chinn J, van Belle G: Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii: A prospective study. Gastroenterology 96:981–988, 1989
Gorbach SL, Chang TW, Goldin B: Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. Lancet 2:1519, 1987
Rifkin GD, Fekety FR, Silva J Jr: Antibiotic-induced colitis implication of a toxin neutralized by Closiridium Sordelli Anti-Toxin. Lancet 11:1103–1106, 1977
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hussain, S.Z., Chu, C., Greenberg, D.P. et al. CASE REPORT: Clostridium difficile Colitis in Children with Cystic Fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci 49, 116–121 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DDAS.0000011612.74033.78
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DDAS.0000011612.74033.78