References
Thompson I, Goodman P, Tangen C, et al. (2003) The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 349: 215-224.
Punglia RS, D'Amico AV, Catalona WJ, Roehl KA, Kuntz KM (2003) Effect of verification bias on screening for prostate cancer by measurement of prostate-speci.c antigen. N Engl J Med 349: 335-342.
Godley PA, Schell MJ (1999) Adjusted odds ratios under nondifferential misclassi.cation: application to prostate cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 52: 129-136.
Carroll P, Coley C, McLeod D, et al. (2001) Prostate-speci.c antigen best practice policy-part I: early detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer. Urol 57: 217-224.
Dvorak HF (2003) How tumors make bad blood vessels and stroma. Am J Pathol 162: 1747-1757.
Stamey TA, Johnstone IM, McNeal JE, Lu AY, Yemoto CM (2002) Preoperative serum prostate speci.c antigen levels between 2 and 22 ng/ml correlate poorly with post-radical prostatectomy cancer morphology: prostate speci.c antigen cure rates appear constant between 2 and 9 ng/ml. J Urol 167: 103-111.
Roehrborn CG, Boyle P, Gould AL, Waldstreicher J (1999) Serum prostate-speci.c antigen as a predictor of prostate volume in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 53: 581-589.
Roehl KA, Antenor JA, Catalona WJ (2002) Serial biopsy results in prostate cancer screening study. J Urol 167: 2435-2439.
Fleshner N, Klotz L (2002) Role of ‘saturation biopsy’ in the detection of prostate cancer among di.cult diagnostic cases. Urology 60: 93-97.
Stewart CS, Leibovich BC, Weaver AL, Lieber MM (2001) Prostate cancer diagnosis using a saturation needle biopsy technique after previous negative sextant biopsies. J Urol 166: 86-91.
Scheck A (2001) #x2018;Extreme#x2019; prostate biopsies: too many or not enough? Urol Times. http://ut.adv100.com/urologytimes/article/ articleDetail.jsp?id=2500.
Potosky AL, Miller BA, Albertsen PC, Kramer BS (1995) The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. J Am Med Assoc 273: 548-552.
Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun MJ (2003) Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J Clin Med 53: 5-26.
Food and Drug Administration (1994) FDA approves test for prostate cancer. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00598. html
DiGiuseppe JA, Sauvageot J, Epstein JI (1997) Increasing incidence of minimal residual cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 21: 174-178.
White E (1986) The e.ect of misclassi.cation of disease status in follow-up studies: implications for selecting disease classi.cation criteria. Am J Epidemiol 124: 816-825.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Platz, E.A., De Marzo, A.M. & Giovannucci, E. Failure to detect prostate cancer in the PSA era: comments on N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 215–224 and N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 335–342. Cancer Causes Control 15, 91–94 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CACO.0000016580.49577.09
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CACO.0000016580.49577.09