Abstract
We have performed a one-dimensional and transient radiative heat transfer analysis in order to investigate interaction between atmospheric radiation and convective instability within a nocturnal fog. The radiation element method using the Ray Emission Model (REM2), which is a generalized numerical method, in conjunction with a line-by-line (LBL) method, is employed to attain high spectral resolution calculations for anisotropically scattering fog. The results show that the convective instability has a strong dependence on radiative properties of the fog. For the condition of a 20-μm droplet diameter and liquid water content of 0.1 × 10−3 kg m−3;, the temperature profile within the fog becomes “S” shaped, and a convective instability layer forms in the middle or lower level of the fog. However, for the same water content and a 40-μm diameter droplet, no strong convective instability layer forms, whereas for a 10-μm diameter droplet a strong convective instability is observed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bott, A., Sievers, U., and Zdunkowski, W.: 1990, ‘A Radiation Fog Model with a Detailed Treatment of the Interaction between Radiative Transfer and Fog Microphysics’, J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 2153-2166.
Brown, R.: 1980, ‘A Numerical Study of Radiation Fog with an Explicit Formulation of the Microphysics’, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 781-802.
Busbridge, I. W. and Orchard, S. E.: 1967, ‘Reflection and Transmission of Light by a Thick Atmosphere According to a Phase Function’, Astrophys. J. 149, 655-664.
Clough, S. A., Iacono, M. J., and Moncet, J. L.: 1992, ‘Line-by-Line Calculations of Atmospheric Fluxes and Cooling Rates: Application to Water Vapor’, J. Geophys. Res. 97(D14), 15761-15785.
Duynkerke, P. G.: 1991, ‘Radiation Fog: A Comparison of Model Simulation with Detailed Observations’, Mon. Wea. Rev. 119, 324-341.
Duynkerke, P. G.: 1999, ‘Turbulence, Radiation and Fog in Dutch Stable Boundary Layers’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90, 447-477.
Fiveland, W. A.: 1991, ‘The Selection of Discrete Ordinate Quadrature Sets for Anisotropic Scattering’, ASME HTD 160, 89-96.
Guo, Z. and Maruyama, S.: 2001, ‘Prediction of Radiative Heat Transfer in Industrial Equipment Using the Radiation Element Method’, Trans. ASME; J. Pressure Vessel Tech. 123, 530-536.
Lee, H. and Buckius, R. O.: 1982, ‘Scaling Anisotropic Scattering in Radiation Heat Transfer for Planar Medium’, Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer 104, 68-75.
Liou, K. N.: 1992, Radiation and Cloud Processes in the Atmosphere; Theory; Observation; and Modeling, Oxford University Press, New York, 119 pp.
Maruyama, S.: 1997, ‘Radiative Heat Transfer in a Layer of Anisotropic Scattering Fog Subjected to Collimated Irradiation’, in Radiative Transfer-2; Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Radiation Transfer, Beggel House Inc., pp. 157-172.
Maruyama, S.: 1998, ‘Radiative Heat Transfer in Anisotropic Scattering Media with Specular Boundary Subjected to Collimated Irradiation’, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 41, 2847-2856.
Maruyama, S. and Aihara, T.: 1994, ‘Radiation Heat Transfer in Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Media with Arbitrary Shapes and Thermal Conditions (Basic Theory and Accuracy in Plane Parallel System)’, Trans. Japan Soc. Mech. Eng. 60, 3138-3144.
Maruyama, S. and Aihara, T.: 1997, ‘Radiation Heat Transfer of Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Media and Specular and Diffuse Surfaces’, Trans. ASME; J. Heat Transfer 119, 129-136.
Maruyama, S., Mori, Y., and Sakai, S.: 2004, ‘Nongray Radiative Heat Transfer Analysis in the Anisotropic Scattering Fog Layer Subjected to Solar Irradiation’, J. Quant. Spectros. Rad. Transfer 83, 361-375.
Maruyama, S., Morita, K., and Guo, Z.: 2000, ‘Effects of Droplets Parameters on Thermal Protection by water Mist against Intense Irradiation’, Proceedings of NHTC";00, NHTC2000-12265.
Maruyama, S., Viskanta, R., and Aihara, T.: 1989, ‘Active Thermal Protection System against Intense Irradiation’, J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 3, 389-394.
McClatchey, R. A., Fenn, R. W., Selby, J. E. A., Volz, F. E., and Garing, J. S.: 1972, Optical Properties of the Atmosphere, 3rd edn., Environ. Res. Pap., 411, Air Force Cambridge Res. Lab., Bedford, MA, 110 pp.
Modest, M. F.: 2003, Radiative Heat Transfer, 2nd edn., Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 456-458.
Oke, T. H.: 1987, Boundary Layer Climates, 2nd edn., Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 435 pp.
Patankar, S. V.: 1980, in M. A. Phillips and E. M. Millman (eds.), Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, USA, 25 pp.
Rothman, L. S., Rinsland, C. P., Goldman, A., Massie, S. T., Edwards, D. P., Flaud, J.-M., Perrin, A., Camy-Peyret, C., Dana, V., Mandin, J.-Y., Schroeder, J., McCann, A., Gamache, R. R., Wattson, R. B., Yoshino, K., Chance, K. V., Jucks, K. W., Brown, L. R., Nemtchinov, V., and Varanasi, P.: 1998, ‘The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation): 1996 edn.’, J. Quant. Spectros. Radi. Transfer 60, 665-710.
von Glasow, R. and Bott, A.: 1999, ‘Interaction of Radiation Fog with Tall Vegetation’, Atmos. Environ. 33, 1333-1346.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nishikawa, T., Maruyama, S. & Sakai, S. Radiative Heat Transfer and Hydrostatic Stability in Nocturnal Fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 113, 273–286 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000039376.13527.5e
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000039376.13527.5e