Abstract
Little is known about the influence of forest management on the interaction between seed bank and aboveground vegetation. We surveyed seed banks and vegetation in 10 forest stands under similar abiotic conditions but submitted either to a coppice-with-standards treatment (n = 5) or to a selective-cutting system (n = 5). We analyzed species composition and diversity, community ecological profile, and distribution of taxa among different life forms, strategy, morphology and functional type categories. A total of 2085 seedlings (8296 seeds m−2) germinated-corresponding to 28 species, among which Juncus effusus was the most abundant. Fifty-seven percent of the species were also recorded in the aboveground vegetation, the dominant species being Rubus fruticosus agg., but only 28% of the aboveground species were present in the seed bank. Our results suggest that (1) vernal geophytes and shade-tolerant perennials, which group most true forest species, are not incorporated in the seed bank, (2) parent plants of most seeds were present either in the stand in an earlier dynamic stage or apart from the stand and long-distance dispersed, (3) as expected, early-successional species are well represented in the seed bank, (4) forestry vehicles seem to be a major means of dispersion for stress-tolerant species normally found in forest lanes and wheel tracks. We conclude that seed banks contain species that have a potentially negative impact on the true forest flora and, thus, forest management should minimize soil disturbance and retain remnants of old-coppice woods to conserve disturbance-sensitive true forest species.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnould P., Hotyat M. and Simon L. 1997. Les forêts d'Europe. Nathan, Paris, France.
Aude E. and Lawesson J.E. 1998. Vegetation in Danish beech forests: the importance of soil, microclimate and management factors, evaluated by variation partitioning. Plant Ecology 134: 53–65.
Augusto L., Dupouey J.L., Picard J.F. and Ranger J. 2001. Potential contribution of the seed bank in coniferous plantations to the restoration of native deciduous forest vegetation. Acta Oecologica 22: 87–98.
Barkman J.J. 1988. New systems of plant growth forms and phenological plant types. In: Werger M.J.A., van der Aart P.J.M., During H.J. and Verhoeven J.T.A. (eds) Plant Form and Vegetation Structure. SPB Academy Publications The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 9–44.
Beatty S.W. 1991. Colonization dynamics in a mosaic landscape: the buried seed pool. Journal of Biogeography 18: 553–563.
Bekker R.M., Bakker J.P., Grandin U., Kalamees R., Milberg P., Poschlod P. et al. 1998. Seed size, shape and vertical distribution in the soil: indicators of seed longevity. Functional Ecology 12: 834–842.
Bossuyt B. and Hermy H. 2001. Influence of land use history on seed banks in European temperate forest ecosystems: a review. Ecography 24: 225–238.
Bossuyt B., Heyn M. and Hermy M. 2002. Seed bank and vegetation composition of forest stands of varying age in central Belgium: consequences for regeneration of ancient forest vegetation. Plant Ecology 162: 33–48.
Brown J.H. 1981. Two decades of homage to Santa Rosalia: toward a general theory of diversity. The American Zoologist 21: 877–888.
Brown D. 1992. Estimating the composition of a forest seed bank: a comparison of the seed extraction and seedling emergence methods. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 1603–1612.
Brown S.C. 1998. Remnant seed banks and vegetation as predictors of restored marsh vegetation. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 620–629.
Brown A.H.F. and Oosterhuis L. 1981. The role of buried seed in coppicewoods. Biological Conservation 21: 19–38.
Buckley G.P., Howell R. and Anderson M.A. 1997. Vegetation succession following ride edge management in lowland plantations and woods. II. The seed bank resource. Biological Conservation 82: 305–316.
Busing R.T., Halpern C.B. and Spies T.A. 1995. Ecology of Pacific Yew(Taxus brevifolia) in western Oregon and Washington. Conservation Biology 9: 1199–1207.
Chambers J.C. and McMahon J.A. 1994. A day in the life of a seed: movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural and managed systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 263–292.
Decocq G. 1997. Contribution à l'étude phytosociologique de l'actuelle Theoracia sylva (Thiérache, Aisne, France). Essai d'analyse systémique des phénomènes phytodynamiques. Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France.
Decocq G. 1998. Données phytosociologiques récentes sur les forêts de la Thiérache (Aisne, France). I-Les forêts mésophiles de la Thiérache argilo-calcaire. Acta Botanica Gallica 145: 125–147.
Decocq G., Aubert M., Dupont F., Alard D., Saguez R., Wattez-Franger A. et al. Plant diversity in a managed temperate deciduous forest: understory response to two silvicultural systems. Journal of Applied Ecology (in press).
DeFerrari C.M. and Naiman R.J. 1994. A multi-scale assessment of the occurrence of exotic plants on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 247–258.
Dougall T.A.G. and Dodd J.C. 1997. A study of species richness and diversity in seed banks and its use for the environmental mitigation of a proposed holiday village development in a coniferized woodland in south east England. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 1413–1428.
Dubois J.J. 1996. Espaces et paysages forestiers du nordouest de la France du XIIe au XVIIIe siècles: l'apport de la biogéographie historique. In: L'uomo e la foresta, Instituto F. Datini, Prato, Italy, pp. 253–296.
Ellenberg H., Weber H.E., Düll R., Wirth V., Werner W. and Paulissen D. 1991. Zeigerwerte von Planzen in Mitteleuropa. Scripta Geobotanica 18: 1–258.
Eriksson O. 1995. Seedling recruitment in deciduous forest herbs: the effect of litter, soil chemistry and seed bank. Flora 190: 65–70.
Eriksson O. and Ehrlén J. 1992. Seed and microsite limitation of recruitment in plant populations. Oecologia 91: 360–364.
Falinska K. 1999. Seed bank dynamics in abandoned meadows during a 20-year period in the Bialowieza National Park. Journal of Ecology 87: 461–475.
Grime J.P. 1989. Seed banks in ecological perspective. In: Leck M.A., Parker V.T. and Simpson R.L. (eds) Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 15–22.
Grime J., Hodgson J.G. and Hunt R. 1988. Comparative Plant Ecology, a Functional Approach to Common British Species. Unwin Hyman Ltd., London.
Halpern C.B. and Spies T.A. 1995. Plant species diversity in natural and managed forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 5: 914–934.
Halpern C.B., Evans S.A. and Nielson S. 1999. Soil seed banks in young closed-canopy forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: potential contributions to understory reinitiation. Canadian Journal of Botany 77: 922–935.
Hermy M. 1994. Effects of former land use on plant species diversity and pattern in European deciduous woodlands. In: Boyle T.J.B. and Boyle C.E.B. (eds) Biodiversity, Temperate Ecosystems and Global Change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 123–144.
Hermy M., Honnay O., Firbank L., Grashof-Bokdom C. and Lawesson J.E. 1999. An ecological comparison between ancient and other forest plant species of Europe, and the implications for forest conservation. Biological Conservation 91: 9–22.
Holderegger R. 1996. Effects of litter removal on the germination of Anemone nemorosa L. Flora 191: 175–178.
Hyatt L.A. 1999. Differences between seed bank composition and field recruitment in a temperate zone deciduous forest. America Midland Naturalist 142: 31–38.
Ingersoll C.A. and Wilson M.V. 1989. Buried propagules in an old-growth forest and their response to experimental disturbances. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 1156–1162.
Jankowska-Blaszczuk M. 1998. Variability of the soil seed banks in the natural deciduous forest in the Bialowieza National Park. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67: 313–324.
Kalamees R. and Zobel M. 1998. Soil seed bank composition in different successional stages of a species rich wooded meadow in Laelatu, western Estonia. Acta Oecologica 19: 175–180.
Kirby K.J. and Watkins C. 1998. The Ecological History of European Forests. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Kjelsson G. 1992. Seed banks in Danish deciduous forests: species composition, seed influx and distribution pattern in soil. Ecography 15: 86–100.
Lambinon J., De Langhe J.E., Delvosalle L. and Duvigneaud J. 1992. Nouvelle flore de la Belgique, du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des régions voisines. 4th edn. Editions du Patrimoine du Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Meise, Belgium.
Leck M.A., Parker V.T. and Simpson R.L. 1989. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
Leckie S., Vellend M., Bell G., Waterway M.J. and Lechowicz M.J. 2000. The seed bank in an old-growth, temperate deciduous forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 78: 181–192.
Major J. and Pyott W.T. 1966. Buried viable seeds in two California bushgrass sites and their bearing on the definition of a flora. Vegetatio 13: 253–282.
Mantel N. 1967. The detection of disease and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research 27: 209–220.
McCune B. and Mefford M.J. 1997. PC-ORD. Multivariate analysis of ecological data, version 3.0. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon.
Milberg P. 1995. Soil seed bank after eighteen years of succession from grassland to forest. Oikos 72: 3–13.
Mitchell R.J., Marrs R.H. and Auld M.H.D. 1998. A comparative study of the seed banks of heathland and successional habitats in Dorset, southern England. Journal of Ecology 86: 588–596.
Mladenoff D.J. 1990. The relationship of the soil seed bank and understory vegetation in old-growth northern hardwood–hemlock trefall gaps. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 2714–2721.
Nakagoshi N. 1985. Buried viable seeds in temperate forests. In: White J. (ed) The Population Structure of Vegetation. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 551–570.
Peterson C.J. and Carson W.P. 1996. Generalizing forest regeneration models: the dependence of propagule availability on disturbance history and stand size. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 45–52.
Petrov V.V. and Palkina T.A. 1983. The content of dormant viable seeds in the soil of a broad-leaved forest and a spruce plantation. Vestnik Moskovkogo Universiteta, Biologya 38: 31–35.
Pickett S.T.A. and McDonnell M.J. 1989. Seed bank dynamics in temperate deciduous forest. In: Leck M.A., Parker V.T. and Simpson R.L. (eds) Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. Academic Press, Inc., London, pp. 123–145.
Picket S.T.A. and White P. 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Qi M. and Scarrat J.B. 1998. Effect of harvesting method on seed bank dynamics in a boreal mixedwood forest in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 872–883.
Raunkiaer C. 1934. The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Roberts H.A. 1981. Seed banks in soils. Advances in Applied Biology 6: 1–55.
Rogers R.S. 1982. Early spring herb communities in mesophytic forests of the Great lakes region. Ecology 63: 1050–1063.
Sager S. and Rocco T. 1992. StatView. Abacus Concepts Inc., Berkeley, California.
Schiffman P.M. and Johnson W.C. 1992. Sparse buried seed bank in a southern Appalachian oak forest: implications for succession. The American Midland Naturalist 127: 258–267.
Staaf H., Jonsson M. and Olsén L.G. 1987. Buried germinative seeds in mature beech forests with different herbaceous vegetation and soil types. Holarctic Ecology 10: 268–277.
Thompson K. and Grime J.P. 1979. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology 67: 893–921.
Thompson K., Bakker J. and Bekker R.M. 1997. The Soil Seed Banks of North West Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Vanesse R. 1977. Un exemple d'analyse du stock grainier dans un sol forestier. In: Actes du Vème colloque international sur la biologie et l'écologie des mauvaises herbes. Dijon, France, pp. 141–147.
Volpers T. 1989. Changes in microclimate and vegetation after thinning in a montane virgin forest. Phytocoenologia 17: 71–104.
Warr J.S., Kent M. and Thompson K. 1994. Seed bank composition and variability in five woodlands in southwest England. Journal of Biogeography 21: 151–168.
Whipple S.A. 1978. The relationship of buried, germinating seeds to vegetation in an old-growth Colorado subalpine forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 56: 1505–1509.
Wilson S.D., Moore D.R.J. and Keddy P.A. 1993. Relationships of marsh seed banks to vegetation patterns along environmental gradients. Freshwater Biology 29: 361–370.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Decocq, G., Valentin, B., Toussaint, B. et al. Soil seed bank composition and diversity in a managed temperate deciduous forest. Biodiversity and Conservation 13, 2485–2509 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000048454.08438.c6
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000048454.08438.c6