Abstract
This paper builds on a debate between Velasquez and Fleming: Do multinational enterprises (MNEs) have ethical obligations to their host countries? Velasquez applies Thomas Hobbes' realism approach in arguing that MNEs have no special moral obligations to host countries: (a) obligations do not exist independently in a "state of nature," (b) MNEs exist in a "state of nature" independent of any sovereign authority or power, (c) therefore, MNEs cannot be compelled toward moral or ethical behavior.
Fleming counters that the lack of an international authority to compel morality from MNEs is irrelevant. MNEs are for-profit entities making rational economic decisions based on their perceived self-interest. Since they operate in "the goldfish bowl of international media," MNEs are very aware of the stakeholder model.
First, the paper supports Fleming's position: Even if a philosophical case cannot be established for MNEs to act ethically – they still should. Being unethical in any arena, but especially in the international arena, is both bad-for-business and bad business. Applying stakeholder theory, if stakeholders perceive the MNE as unethical (which may or may not be true), the firm will ultimately lose business.
Next, the paper applies Fleming's position to transitional economies. As economies shift from one system to another, positive perceptions and stakeholder support are required for success. With so many environmental variables in flux, multinationals must promote a sense of normalcy, of regular ethical habits, of familiarity. Finally, the paper concludes by cautioning a sole reliance on stakeholder analysis – especially in turbulent times – and recommends areas for further research.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akers, John: 1989, 'Ethics and Competitiveness-Putting First Things First', Sloan Management Review 30, 69-70.
Amsden, A. H., J. Kochanowicz and L. Taylor: 1994, The Market Meets Its Match: Restructuring the Economies of Eastern Europe (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
Apressyan, R. G.: 1997, 'Business Ethics in Russia', Journal of Business Ethics 16(14), 1561-1570.
Argandona, A.: 1994, 'Is a Market Economy an Economic System Ethically Acceptable in Any Cultural Environment?' in W. Hoffman, J. B. Kamm, R. E. Frederick and E. S. Perry (eds.), Emerging Global Business (Quorum Books, Westport, CT), pp. 46-55.
Arnold, D. J. and J. A. Quelch: 1998, 'New Strategies in Emerging Markets', Sloan Management Review 40, 7-20.
Barney, J. B.: 1986, 'Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?', Academy of Management Review 11, 656-665.
Beyer, Janice M. and David Nino: 1999, 'Ethics and Cultures in International Business', Journal of Management Inquiry 8(3) (September), 287-297.
Bowie, Norman E.: 1997, 'The Moral Obligations of Multinational Corporations', in Tom L. Beauchamp and Norman E. Bowie (eds.), Ethical Theory and Business (fifth edition) (Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ), pp. 522-532.
Brenkert, George G.: 1999, 'Competing with Integrity in International Business', Journal of Business Ethics 22(4) (December), 341-343.
Buck, T., I. Filatotchev and M. Wright: 1998, 'Agents, Stakeholders and Corporate Governance in Russian Firms', Journal of Management Studies 35, 81-104.
Buller, Paul F. and John J. Kohls: 1997, 'A Model for Addressing Cross-Cultural Ethical Conflicts', Business & Society 36(2) (June), 169-194.
Buller, Paul F. and Glenn M. McEvoy: 1999, 'Creating and Sustaining Ethical Capability in the Multi-National Corporation', Journal of World Business 34(4) (Winter), 326, 343.
Buller, Paul F., John J. Kohls and Kenneth S. Anderson: 2000, 'When Ethics Collide: Managing Conflicts Across Cultures', Organizational Dynamics 28(4) (Spring), 52-65.
Cooper, Robert W., Garry L. Frank and Robert Kemp: 2000, 'A Multinational Comparison of Key Ethical Issues, Helps and Challenges in the Purchasing and Supply Management Profession: The Key Implications for Business and the Professions', Journal of Business Ethics 23(1) (January), 83-100.
Cordeiro, William P.: 2001, The Only Solution to the Decline in Business Ethics: Ethical Managers', Proceedings, The Eighth Annual International Conference Promoting Business Ethics, Chicago, Il (October 24).
Davids, Meryl: 1999, 'Global Standards, Local Problems', The Journal of Business Strategy 20(1) (January/February), 38-43.
DeGeorge, Richard T.: 1993a, 'International Business Ethics: Russia and Eastern Europe', Social Responsibility: Business, Journalism, Law, Medicine 19, 5-23.
DeGeorge, Richard T.: 1993b, Competing with Integrity in International Business (Oxford University Press, New York).
DeGeorge, Richard T.: 1994a, 'International Business Ethics and Incipient Capitalism: A Double Standard?' in T. Donaldson and P. H. Werhane (eds.), Ethical Issues In Business: A Philosophical Approach (fifth edition) (Prentice Hall, Saddle River, NY), pp. 111-124.
DeGeorge, Richard T.: 1994b, 'International Business Ethics', Business Ethics Quarterly 4(1) (January), 1-10.
Desai, Ashay B. and Terri Rittenburg: 1997, 'Global Ethics: An Integrative Framework for MNEs', Journal of Business Ethics 16(8) (June), 791-800.
Donaldson, Thomas: 1989, The Ethics of International Business (Oxford University Press, New York).
Donaldson, Thomas: 1996, 'Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home', Harvard Business Review 74(5) (September/October), 48-58.
Filatov, A.: 1994, 'Unethical Business Behavior in Post-Communist Russia: Origins and Trends', Business Ethics Quarterly 4, 11-16.
Fiol, C. M.: 1991, 'Managing Culture as a Competitive Resource: An Identity-Based View of Sustainable Competitive Advantage', Journal of Management 17, 191-211.
Freeman, R. E.: 1984, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (Pittman, Boston), pp. 53-54.
Freeman, E. and J. Liedtka: 1997, 'Stakeholder Capitalism and the Value Chain', European Management Journal 15(3), 286-295.
Fleming, John E.: 1992, 'Alternative Approaches and Assumptions: Comments on Manuel Velasquez', Business Ethics Quarterly 2(1), 41-42.
Frooman, J.: 1999, 'Stakeholders Influence Strategies', Academy of Management Review 24, 191-205.
Gioia, D. A.: 1999, 'Practicality, Paradigms, and Problems in Stakeholder Theorizing', Academy of Management Review 24, 228-232.
Goddard, Robert W.: 1988, 'Are You an Ethical Manager?', Personnel Journal 67(3) (March), 38-43.
Hamilton, J. Brooke and Stephen B. Knouse: 2001, 'Multinational Enterprise Decision Principles for Dealing with Cultural Ethical Conflicts', Journal of Business Ethics 31(1) (May), 77-94.
Handelman, Stephen: 1993 (January 24), 'Inside Russia's Gangster Economy', The New York Times Magazine, 12ff.
Hill, C. W. L.: 2000, International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, 3rd edition (Irwin/ McGraw Hill, Boston).
Hobbes, Thomas: 1994, Leviathan, Edwin Curley (ed.) (Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis, IN), p. 78.
Hollstein, Brian R.: 1998, 'Don't Do as the Romans Do', Security Management 42(2) (February), 56-57.
Ivancevich, J. M., R. S. DeFrank and P. R. Gregory: 1992, 'The Soviet Enterprise Director: An Important Resource Before and After the Coup', Academy of Management Executive 6, 42-55.
Iyer, G. R.: 2001, 'International Exchanges as the Basis for Conceptualizing Ethics in International Business', Journal of Business Ethics 31(1) (May), 3-24.
Jackson, Kevin T.: 1993, 'Global Distributive Justice and the Corporate Duty to Aid', Journal of Business Ethics 12(7) (July), 547-555.
Jackson, Kevin T.: 1997, 'Globalizing Corporate Ethics Programs: Perils and Prospects', Journal of Business Ethics 16(12/13) (September), 1227-1235.
Jones, T. M. and A. C. Wicks: 1999, 'Convergent Stakeholder Theory', Academy of Management Review 24, 206-221.
Kapferer, J. N.: 1998, 'Making Brands Work Around the World, As Business Goes Global, Financial Times (February 12-13), Part 1.
Kuemmerle, W.: 1997, 'Building Effective R&D Capabilities Abroad', Harvard Business Review 75(2), 61-70.
Lou, Y and M. W. Peng: 1999, 'Learning to Compete in a Transition Economy: Experience, Environment and Performance', Journal of International Business Studies 30, 269-295.
Maynard, Michael L.: 2001, 'Policing Transnational Commerce: Global Awareness in the Margins of Morality', Journal of Business Ethics 30(1) (March), 17-27.
Mitchell, R. K., B. R. Agle and D. J. Wood: 1997, 'Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Count', Academy of Management Review 22, 853-886.
Morgan, Ronald B.: 1993, 'Self and Co-Worker Perceptions of Ethics and Their Relationships to Leadership and Salary', Academy of Management Journal 36(1) (February), 200-214.
Newton, Lisa H. and Maureen M. Ford: 2000, Taking Sides, Business Ethics and Society (sixth edition) (Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, Guilford, CN).
Parker, B.: 1996, 'Evolution and Revolution: From International Business to Globalization', in S. R. Gregg, C. Hardy and W. R. Nord (eds.), Handbook of Organizational Studies (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), pp. 484-506.
Puffer, S. M.: 1994, 'Understanding the Bear: A Portrait of Russian Business Leaders', Academy of Management 7, 41-61.
Robertson, Chris and Paul A. Fadil: 1999, 'Ethical Decision Making in Multinational Organizations: A Culture-Based Model', Journal of Business Ethics 19(4) (May), 385-392.
'Russians Privatize by Looting State Goods': 1992, The Washington Post (May 17), p. A1.
Scharf, Cynthia: 1992, 'The Wild, Wild East: Everyone's a Capitalist in Russia Today and Nobody Knows the Rules', Business Ethics 6(6) (November/December), 21.
Silk, Leonard: 1989, 'The Challenge for Managers Is to Make Morality Pay', Business Month 133 (May), 8-11.
Solomon, Charlene Marmer: 1996, 'Contemplating Should Business Ethics Be Different in Transitional Economies? 333 Global Ethics: Where Do You Start?' Personnel Journal 75(1) (January), 68-74.
Stajkovic, Alexander D. and Fred Luthans: 1997, 'Business Ethics Across Cultures: A Social Cognitive Model', Journal of World Business 32(1) (Spring), 17-34.
Velasquez, Manuel: 1992, 'International Business, Morality and the Common Good', Business Ethics Quarterly 2(1), 27-40.
Vogel, David: 1992, 'The Globalization of Business Ethics: Why America Remains Distinctive', California Management Review 35(1) (Fall), 30-43.
Wartick, S. L. and D. J. Wood: 1998, International Business & Society (Blackwell, Malden, MA).
Weaver, Gary R.: 2001, 'Ethics Programs in Global Businesses: Culture's Role in Managing Ethics', Journal of Business Ethics 30(1) (March), 3-15.
Wederspahn, Gary M.: 1997, 'Exporting Corporate Ethics', Workforce 2(1) (January), 29-30.
Wederspahn, Gary M. and Susan T. Daniel: 1998 (November/December), 'Intercultural Business Ethics: A Management Challenge', The Human Resources Professional 11(6), 3-6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cordeiro, W.P. Should Business Ethics Be Different in Transitional Economies?. Journal of Business Ethics 47, 327–334 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027314019323
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027314019323