Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Galactic and Anomalous Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere

  • Published:
Astrophysics and Space Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We discuss the present status of our understanding of the transport and acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays and the transport of galactic and CIR-accelerated particles in the heliosphere. Currently, two- and three-dimensional numerical codes can accurately model many of the observed phenomena – with the major current uncertainties being the values of the parameters such as the diffusion coefficients and the effects of the poorly understood structure beyond the termination shock. We illustrate the nature of the phenomena by discussing in detail the response of energetic particles to co-rotating interaction regions, the acceleration of singly- and multiply-charged anomalous cosmic rays, and the effects of galactic cosmic rays on the structure of the solar wind and its termination shock.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, J.H, Jr., Garcia-Munoz, M., Grigorov, N.L., Klecker, B., Kondratyeva, M.A., Mason, G.M., McGuire, R.E., Mewaldt, R.A., Panasyuk, M.I., Tretyakova, Ch.A., Tylka, A.J. and Zhuravlev, D.A.: 1991, The charge state of the anomalous component of cosmic rays, Astrophys.J. 375, L45–L48.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J.H., Jr. and Leising, M.D.: 1991, The maximum distance to the acceleration site of the anomalous component of cosmic rays, Proc.22nd Int.Cosmic Ray Conf. 3, 304–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balogh, A., et al.: 1995, The heliographic magnetic field over the southern polar region of the Sun, Science 268, 1007–1010.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baranov, V.B.: 1990, Gas dynamics of the solar wind interaction with the interstellar medium, Space Sci.Rev. 52, 89–120.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baranov, V.B. and Malama, Yu.G.: 1993, Model of the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium: Numerical solutions of self-consistent problem, J.Geophys.Res. 98, 15157–15163.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L.F., McDonald, F.B., Goldstein, M.L. and Lazarus, A.L.: 1985, Cosmic ray modulation and turbulent interaction near 11 AU, J.Geophys.Res. 90, 12027–12039.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, A.C., Stone, E.C. and Webber,W.R.: 1987, Latitudinal and radial gradients of anomalous and galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere, Geophys.Res.Lett. 14, 174–177.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Czechowski, A.C., Fichtner, H., Grzedzielski, S., Hilchenbach, M., Hsieh, K.C., Jokipii, J.R., Kausch, T., Kóta, J. and Shaw, A.: 1999, Low-energy ACR beyond the termination shock as a source of energetic neutrals: Models and observations, Proc.26th Int.Cosmic Ray Conf. 7, 589–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A.: 1996, Motion of the footpoints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: Implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes, J.Geophys.Res. 101, 15547–15554.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A, Kozlowsky, B. and Ramaty, R.: 1974, An interpretation of the observed oxygen and nitrogen enhancements in low-energy cosmic rays, Astropys.J. 190, L35–L37.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Florinski, V. and Jokipii, J.R.: 1999, A two-dimensional, self-consistent model of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere, Astrophys.J. 523, L185–L188.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiss, J. and Witte, M.: 1996, Properties of the interstellar gas inside the heliosphere, Space Sci.Rev. 78, 229–238.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giacalone, J.: 1998, Cosmic-ray transport coefficients, Space Sci.Rev. 83, 351–363.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giacalone, J. and Jokipii, J.R: 1998, The pre-acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays in the inner heliosphere, Space Sci.Rev. 83, 291–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T. and Pizzo, V.J.: 1999, Formation and evolution of corotating interaction regions and their three-dimensional structure, Space Sci.Rev. 89, 21–59.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hattingh, M. and Burger, R.A.: 1995, Some properties of a fully three-dimensional drift model for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays, 24th ICRC, Rome 4, 337–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izmodenov, V.V.: 1997, Modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the region of interaction of the local interstellar medium with the solar wind: Hydrodynamic approximation, Astron.Lett. 23, 221–228.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R.: 1966, Cosmic-ray propagation, 1. Charged particles in random magnetic field, Astropys.J. 146, 480–487.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R.: 1986, Particle acceleration at a termination shock 1. Application to the solar wind and the anomalous component, J.Geophys.Res. 91, 2929–2932.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R.: 1992, Constraint on the acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays, Astropys.J. 393, L41–L43.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R.: 1996, Theory of multiply-charged anomalous cosmic rays, Astropys.J. 466, L47–L50.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. and Davila, J.M.: 1981, Effects of particle drift on the transport of cosmic rays. IV. More realistic diffusion coefficients, Astrophys.J. 248, 1156–1161.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. and Giacalone, J.: 1998, The theory of anomalous cosmic rays, Space Sci.Rev. 83, 123–136.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. and Kopriva, D.A.: 1979, Effects of particle drift on the transport of cosmic rays. V. Numerical models of galactic cosmic-ray modulation, Astrophys.J. 234, 384–392.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. and Kóta, J.: 1989, The polar heliospheric magnetic field, Geophys.Res.Lett. 16, 1–4.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. and Thomas, B.T.: 1980, Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays IV. Modulation by a wavy interplanetary current sheet, Astrophys.J. 243, 1115–1122.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R., Kóta, J., Giacalone, J, Horbury, T.S. and Smith, E.J.: 1995, Interpretation and consequences of large-scale variances observed at high heliographic latitude, Geophys.Res.Lett. 22, 3385–3388.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R., Kóta, J. and Merényi, E.: 1993, The gradient of galactic cosmic rays at the solar wind termination shock, Astrophys.J. 405, 782–786.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kóta, J. and Jokipii, J.R.: 1983, Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays VI. A threedimensional model including diffusion, Astrophys.J. 265, 573–581.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kóta, J. and Jokipii, J.R.: 1991, The role of corotating interaction regions in cosmic-ray modulation, Geophys.Res.Lett. 18, 1797–1800.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kóta, J. and Jokipii, J.R.: 1995, Corotating variations of cosmic rays near the south heliospheric pole, Science 268, 1024–1025.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kóta, J. and Jokipii, J.R.: 1998, Modeling of 3-D corotating cosmic-ray structures in the heliosphere, Space Sci.Rev. 83, 137–145.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lallement, R.: 1996, Relations between ISM inside and outside the heliosphere, Space Sci.Rev. 78, 361–374.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F.B.: 1998, Cosmic-ray modulation in the heliosphere, Space Sci.Rev. 83, 33–50.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mewaldt, R.A., Selesnick, R.S., Cummings, J.R., Stone, E.C. and von Rosenvinge, T.T.: 1996, Evidence for multiply charged anomalous cosmic rays, Astrophys.J. 466, L43–L46.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Myasnikov, A.V., Izmodenov, V.V., Alexashov, D.B. and Chalov, S.V.: 2000, Self-consistent model of the solar wind interaction with two-component circumsolar interstellar cloud: Mutual influence of thermal plasma and galactic cosmic rays, J.Geophys.Res. 105, 5179–5188.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E.N.: 1961, Stellar wind regions, Astrophys.J. 134, 20–27.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E.N.: 1965, The passage of energetic particles through interplanetary space, Planet.Space Sci. 13, 9–49.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pesses, M.E., Jokipii, J.R. and Eichler, D.: 1981, Cosmic ray drift, shock-wave acceleration, and the anomalous component of cosmic rays, Astrophys.J. 246, L85–L88.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J.L., et al.: 1995, Ulysses solar wind plasma observations at high southerly latitudes, Science 268, 1030–1033.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzo, V.J.: 1991, The evolution of corotating stream fronts near the ecliptic plane in the inner solar system 2. Three-dimensional tilted-dipole fronts, J.Geophys.Res. 96, 5405–5420.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Potgieter, M.S.: 1998, The modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere: theory and models, Space Sci.Rev. 83, 159–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potgieter, M.S. and Moraal, H.: 1985, A drift model for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays, Astrophys.J. 294, 425–440.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • le Roux, J.A. and Ptuskin, V.S.: 1995, Galactic cosmic-ray mediation of spherical solar wind flow: II. The steady state hydromagnetic approximation, Astrophys.J. 452, 423–433.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • le Roux, J.A. and Fichtner, H.: 1997, A self consistent determination of the heliospheric termination shock structure in the presence of pickup, anomalous, and galactic cosmic-ray protons, J.Geophys.Res. 102, 17375–17380.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, T.R., Marsden, R.G., Wenzel, K.-P., Balogh, A. and Forsyth, R.J.: 1995, High-latitude observations of energetic ions during the first Ulysses polar pass, Space Sci.Rev. 72, 291–296.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simnett, G.M., Sayle, K.A., Tappin, S.J. and Roelof, E.C.: 1995, Co-rotating particle enhancements out of the ecliptic plane, Space Sci.Rev. 72, 307–314.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simnett, G.M. and Roelof, E.C.: 1997, Acceleration and modulation of energetic particles in the 3-D heliosphere by corotating interaction regions, Adv.Space Res. 19, 859–868.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J.A., et al.: 1995, Cosmic ray and solar particle investigations over the south polar regions of the sun, Science 268, 1019–1023.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J.A., Zhang, M. and Bame, S.: 1996, A solar polar north-south asymmetry for cosmic-ray propagation in the heliosphere, Astrophys.J. 465, L69–L72.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E.J., Jokipii, J.R., Kóta, J., Lepping, R.P. and Szabó, A.: 2000, Evidence of a north-south asymmetry in the heliosphere associated with a southward displacement of the heliospheric current sheet, Astrophys.J., in press.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0092, U.S.A.

    J.R. Jokipii & J. Kóta

Authors
  1. J.R. Jokipii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Kóta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jokipii, J., Kóta, J. Galactic and Anomalous Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere. Astrophysics and Space Science 274, 77–96 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026535603934

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026535603934

Keywords

Search

Navigation