Abstract
Until recently little was known about the identity of the genes expressed in the arbuscules of mycorrhizas, due in part to problems associated with cloning genes from the tissues of an obligate symbiont. However, the combination of advanced molecular techniques, innovative use of the materials available and fortuitous cloning has resulted in the recent identification of a number of arbuscule-related genes. This article provides a brief summary of the genes involved in arbuscule development, function and regulation, and the techniques used to study them. Molecular techniques include differential screening, differential display and screening with heterologous probes, and can involve the use of mycorrhizal plant mutants. New technologies such as proteome analysis are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albrecht C, Geurts R and Bisseling T 1999 Legume nodulation and mycorrhizae formation; two extremes in host specificity meet. EMBO J. 18(2), 281–288.
Barea J M, Andrade G, Bianciotto V, Dowling D, Lohrke S, Bonfante P, O'Gara F and Azcon-Aguilar C 1998 Impact on arbuscular mycorrhiza formation of pseudomonas strains used as inoculants for biocontrol of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(6), 2304–2307.
Becard G, Taylor L P, Douds D D, Pfeffer P E, and Doner LW1995 Flavonoids are not necessary plant signal compounds in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions. 8, 252–258.
Benabdellah K, Azcon-Aguilar C and Ferrol N 1998 Soluble and plasma membrane symbiosis-related polypeptides associated with the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) roots. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Mycorrhiza. Eds. U Ahonen-Jonnarth, E Danell, P Fransson, O Karen, B Lindahl, I Rangel and R Finlay. Uppsala, Sweden.
Blee K A and Anderson A J 1996 Defense-related transcript accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, Schenck & Smith. Plant Phys. 110, 675–688.
Bonfante P, Bergero R, Uribe X, Romera C, Rigau J and Puidomenech P 1996 Transcriptional activation of a maize α-tubulin gene in mycorrhizal maize and transgenic tobbaco plants. Plant J. 9, 737–743.
Bonner R F, Emmert-Buck M, Cole K and others 1997 Laser capture microdissection: molecular analysis of tissues. Science 278, 1481–1483.
Burleigh S and Harrison M J 1998 A cDNA from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme with homology to a cruciform DNA-binding protein from Ustilago maydis. Mycorrhiza 7, 301–306.
Callow J A, Capaccio L C, Parish G, and Tinker P B 1978 Detection and estimation of polyphosphate in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytol. 80, 125–134.
Cox G and Tinker P B 1976 Translocation and transfer of nutrients in VAM. I. The arbuscule and phosphorus transfer: a quantitative ultrastructural study. New Phytol. 77, 371–378.
Ferrol N, Barea J M and Azcon-Aguilar C 1998 Cloning and expression analysis of P-type HC-ATPase genes in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. In Second International Conference on Mycorrhiza. Eds. U Ahonen-Jonnarth, E Danell, P Fransson, O Karen, B Lindahl, I Rangel and R Finlay. Uppsala, Sweden.
Forbes P, Millam S, Hooker J, Harrier L 1998 Transformation of the arbuscular mycorrhiza Gigaspora rosea by particle bombardment. Mycol. Res. 102, 497–501.
Fruehling M, Roussel H, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Puehler A and Perlick AM 1997 The Vicia faba leghemoglobin gene VfLb29 is induced in root nodules and in roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions. 10, 124–131.
Gallaud I 1905 Etudes sur les mycorrhizes endotrophs. Rev. Gen. Bot. 17.
Genre A and Bonfante P 1998 Actin versus tubulin configuration in arbuscule-containing cells from mycorrhizal tobacco roots. New Phytol. 140, 745–752.
Gianinazzi-Pearson V 1996 Plant cell responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: getting to the roots of the symbiosis. Plant Cell 8, 1871–1883.
Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gollotte A, Tahiri-Alaoui A and Gianinazzi S 1996 Cellular and molecular defence related root responses to invasion by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 133, 45–57.
Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Arnould C, Moriau L and Boutry M 1998 Activitation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase genes by arbuscule formation in tobacco. In Second International Conference on Mycorrhiza. Eds. U Ahonen-Jonnarth, E Danell, P Fransson, O Karen, B Lindahl, I Rangel and R Finlay. Uppsala, Sweden.
Hahn M and Mendgen K 1992 Isolation by ConA binding of haustoria from different rust fungi and comparison of their surface qualities. Protoplasma 170, 95–103.
Harrier L A, Wright F and Hooker J E 1998 Isolation of the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase gene of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe. Curr. Genet. 34, 386–392.
Harris D and Paul E A 1987 Carbon requirements of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae. In Ecophysiology of VA mycorrhizal plants. Ed. GR Safir. pp. 93–105. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Harrison M J 1996 A sugar transporter from Medicago truncatula: altered expression pattern in roots during vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal associations. Plant J. 9(4), 491–503.
Harrison M J 1997a The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: an underground association. Trends Plant Sci. 2(2), 54–60.
Harrison M J 1997b The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. In Plant- Microbe Interactions, Vol. 3. Eds. G Stacey and NT Keen. pp 1–34. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Harrison M J and van Buuren M L 1996 A phosphate transporter from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Nature 378, 626–629.
Harrison M J and Dixon R A 1994 Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interactions between the roots of Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Plant J. 6, 9–20.
Jordan B R 1998 Large-scale expression measurement by hybridization methods: from high-density membranes to 'DNA chips'. J. Biochem. 124, 251–258.
Kaldorf M, Schmelzer E and Bothe H 1998 Expression of maize and fungal nitrate reductase genes in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions. 11, 439–448.
Lanfranco L, Garnero L and Bonfante P 1999 Chitin synthase genes in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme: full sequence of a gene encoding a class of IV chitin synthase. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 170, 59–67.
Lapopin L, Kuhn G, Requena N, Gianinazzi-Pearson V and Frankin P 1998 Influence of plants on RNA accumulation patterns in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In The Establishment of the Beneficial Rhizosphere. Cost action 8.21, 8.22, 8.30 and 8.31. Edinburgh, Scotland.
Liang P and Pardee A B 1992 Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 257, 967–971.
Martin-Laurent F, van Tuinen D, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S and Franken P 1997 Differential display analysis of RNA accumulation in arbuscular mycorrhiza of pea and isolation of a novel symbiosis-regulated plant gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 256, 37–44.
Martin-Laurent F, Arnould C, Chatagnier O, van Tuinen D, Franken P, Gianinazzi S and Gianinazzi-Pearson V 1998 Cellular localization of a plant protein PSAM1 in arbuscular mycorrhizas of Pisam sativum. Planta 207, 153–157.
Murphy P J, Langridge P and Smith S E 1997 Cloning plant genes differentially expressed during colonization of roots of Hordeum vulgare by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytol. 135, 291–301.
Rasmussen N, Lloyd D, Ratcliffe R G, Hansen P E and Jakobsen I 1998 31P NMR for the study of P metabolism and translocation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil (submitted).
Rosewarne G M, Barker S J, Smith S E, Smith F A and Schachtman D P 1999 A Lycopersicon esculentum phosphate transporter (LePTI) implicated in P nutrition of VA mycorrhizal plants New Phytol. (in press).
Roussel H, Bruns S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Hahlbrock K and Franken P 1997 Induction of a membrane intrinsic protein encoding mRNA in arbuscular mycorrhiza and elicitor-stimulated cell suspension cultures of parsley. Plant Sci. 126, 203–210.
Samra A, Dumas-Gaudot E and Gianinazzi S 1999 Detection of symbiosis-related polypeptides during the early stages of the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza between Glomus mosseae and Pisum sativum roots. New Phytol. 135, 711–722.
Smith S E and Read D J 1997 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 605 p.
Smith S E and Smith F A 1990 Structure and function of the interfaces in biotrophic symbioses as they relate to nutrient transport. New Phytol. 114, 1–38.
St-Arnaud M, Hamel C, Vimard B, Caron M and Fortin J A 1996 Enhanced hyphal growth and spore production of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in an in vitro system in the absence if host roots. Mycol. Res. 100, 328–332.
Strittmatter G, Gheysen G, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Hahn K, Niebel A, Rohde W and Tacke E 1996 Infections with various types of organisms stimulate transcription from a short promoter fragment of the potato gst1 gene. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions. 9, 68–73.
van Buuren M L, Maldonado-Mendoza I E, Trieu A, Blaylock L A and Harrison MJ 1999 Novel genes induced during an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis formed between Medicago truncatula and Glomus versiforme. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions. 12, 171–181.
van de Sande K, Pawlowski K, Czaja I, Wieneke U, Schell J, Schmidt J, Walden R, Matvienko M, Wellink J, van Kammen A and others. 1996 Modification of phytohormone response by a peptide encoded by ENOD40 of legumes and a nonlegume. Science 273, 370–373.
van Rhijn P, Fang Y, Galili S, Shaul O, Atzmon N, Wininger S, Eshed Y, Lum M, Li Y, To V, Fujishige N, Kapulnik Y and Hirsch A M 1997 Expression of early nodulin genes in alfalfa mycorrhizae indicates that signal transduction pathways used in forming arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium-induced nodules may be conserved. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5467–5472.
Wyss P, Mellor R B and Wiemken A 1990 Vesicular-arbusuclar mycorrhizas of wild-type soybean and non-nodulating mutants with Glomus mosseae contain symbiosis-specific polypeptides (mycorrhizins) immunologically cross-reactive with nodulins. Planta 182, 22–26.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Burleigh, S. Cloning arbuscule-related genes from mycorrhizas. Plant and Soil 226, 287–292 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026403516463
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026403516463