Abstract
Two circular photon orbits are known to exist in the equatorial plane of the Kerr black hole. In this paper, we investigate so-called spherical photon orbits—orbits with constant coordinate radii that are not confined to the equatorial plane. A one-parameter class of solutions is found, which includes the circular orbits as special cases. The properties of these spherical orbits are then analyzed, with the aim of classifying them by qualitative differences in their behavior. Finally, representative orbits from each class are plotted out, including a zero-angular momentum photon orbit and one with non-fixed azimuthal direction.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.
References
- [1]
Martin, J. L. (1996). General Relativity: A First Course for Physicists, Rev. ed., Prentice-Hall, London, pp. 121-123.
- [2]
Luminet, J.-P. (1979). Astron. Astrophys. 75, 228-235.
- [3]
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). Am. J. Phys. 61, 619-632.
- [4]
Bardeen, J. M., Press, W. H., and Teukolsky, S. A. (1972). Astrophys. J. 178, 347-369.
- [5]
Goldstein, H. (1980). Classical Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, pp. 457-462.
- [6]
Carter, B. (1968). Phys. Rev. 174, 1559-1571.
- [7]
Wilkins, D. C. (1972). Phys. Rev. D 5, 814-822.
- [8]
Goldstein, H. (1974). Z. Phys. 271, 275-279.
- [9]
Johnston, M. and Ruffini, R. (1974). Phys. Rev. D 10, 2324-2329.
- [10]
Izmailov, S. V. and Levin, E. S. (1979). Sov. Phys. J. 22, 472-478.
- [11]
Izmailov, S. V. and Levin, E. S. (1981). Sov. Phys. J. 23, 645-648.
- [12]
Calvani, M. and de Felice, F. (1978). Gen. Rel. Grav. 9, 889-902.
- [13]
Stuchlik, Z. (1981). Bull. Astron. Inst. Czechosl. 32, 40-52.
- [14]
Calvani, M., de Felice, F., and Nobili, L. (1980). J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 13, 3213-3219.
- [15]
Schastok, J., Soffel, M., Ruder, H., and Schneider, M. (1987). Am. J. Phys. 55, 336-341.
- [16]
Stewart, J. and Walker, M. (1973). Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 69, Springer, Berlin, pp. 69-115.
- [17]
Sharp, N. A. (1979). Gen. Rel. Grav. 10, 657-670.
- [18]
Dymnikova, I. G. (1986). Sov. Phys. Usp. 29, 215-237.
- [19]
Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T. (1993). Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 710-714.
Author information
Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Teo, E. Spherical Photon Orbits Around a Kerr Black Hole. General Relativity and Gravitation 35, 1909–1926 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026286607562
Issue Date:
- Kerr black hole
- light-like geodesics