Abstract
During 2000–2002, diagnostic rice and soybean plant samples and concurrent soil samples were collected from cultivated fields within a geo-physically unique Zn/Cd co-contaminated location in Thailand. For the fields sampled, aqua regia-digested Zn and Cd concentrations ranged from 2.91–284 and 254–8036 mg kg−1, respectively. In comparison, rice and soybean Cd concentrations ranged from 0.02–5.00 and 1.08–1.71 mg kg−1, respectively. Further, the results indicate that grain Cd, Zn and Fe concentrations are in the order riceGr=soybeanGr, soybeanGr>riceGr, soybeanGr>riceGr, respectively. However, and critically from a human health perspective, Cd:Zn and Cd:Fe ratios are in the order riceGr>soybeanGr. In addition, the riceGr Cd:Fe ratio is an order of magnitude higher than that determined for soybeanGr. The results of this study, clearly demonstrate that compared to rice stalk (riceSt) and rice leaf (riceL), riceGr accumulates comparatively higher Cd than Zn and Fe thus resulting in the high riceGr Cd:Zn and Cd:Fe ratios. This is in direct contrast to the results observed for soybean.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alloway B J 1995 Cadmium. In Heavy Metals in Soils. Ed. B J Alloway. pp. 122–151. Second Edition. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
Baker E L, Jr., Hayes G G, Landrigan P J, Handke J L, Leger R T, H ousworth W J and Harrington J M 1977 A nationwide survey of heavy metal absorption in children living near primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters. Am. J. Epidemiol. 106, 261–273.
Berglund M, Akesson A, Nermell B and Vahter M 1994 Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake. Environ. Health Perspect. 102, 1058–1066.
Brzóska M M and Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J 1997 The influence of calcium content in diet on the accumulation and toxicology of cadmium in the organism. Arch. Toxicol. 72, 63–73.
Cai S, Lin Y, Zhineng H, Xianzu Z, Zhaolu Y, Huidong X, Yuanrong L, Rongdi J, Wenhau Z and Fangyuan Z 1990 Cadmium exposure and health effects among residents in an irrigation area with ore dressing wastewater. Sci. Total Environ. 90, 67–73.
Chaney R L and Hornick S B 1978 Accumulation and effects of cadmium on crops. In Edited Proc. First International Cadmium Conference. pp. 125–140. Metals Bulletin Ltd. London.
Chaney R L, Reeves P G and Angle J S 2001 Rice plant nutritional and human nutritional characteristics role in human Cd toxicity. In Plant Nutrition: Food Security and Sustainability of Agro-Ecosystems Through Basic and Applied Research. Ed. W J Horst. pp. 288–289. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Chaney R L, Ryan J A, Li Y M, Welch R M, Reeves P G, Brown S L and Green C E 1996 Phyto-availability and bio-availability in risk assessment for cadmium in agricultural environments In Sources of Cadmium in the Environment, pp. 49–78. OECD, Paris, France.
Chino M 1973 The distribution of heavy metals in rice plants influenced by the time and path of supply. In Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils of Japan. Eds. K Kitagishi and I Yamane. pp. 95–104. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
Chino M and Baba A 1981 The effects of some environmental factors on the partitioning of zinc and cadmium between roots and tops of rice plants. J. Plant Nutr. 3, 203–214.
Codex Alimentarius Commission 2002 Report of the 34th Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 11–15 March 2002.
Ewers U, Brockhous A, Dolgner R, Freier I, Jermann E, Bernard A, Stiller-Winkler R and Manojlovic N 1985 Environmental exposure to cadmium and renal function in elderly women living in cadmium-polluted areas of the Federal Republic of Germany. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 55, 217–239.
Flanagan P R, McLellan J S, Haist J, Cherian G, Chamberlain M J and Valberg L S 1978 Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency. Gastroenterology 74, 841–846.
Fox M R S, Jacobs R M, Jones A O L and Fry B E Jr. 1979 Effects of nutritional factors on metabolism of dietary cadmium at levels similar to those of man. Environ. Health Perspect. 28, 107–114.
Grusak M A, Pearson J N and Marentes E 1999 The physiology of micronutrient homeostasis in field crops. Field Crops Res. 60, 41–56.
Hallberg L, Bjorn-Rasmussen E, Rossander L and Suwanik R 1977 Iron absorption from Southeast Asian diets. II. Role of various factors that might explain low absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30, 539–548.
Iimura K 1981 Chemical forms and behaviour of heavy metals in soils. In Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils of Japan. Eds. K Kitagishi and I Yamane. pp. 27–35. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
Ito H and Iimura K 1981 Metal stress in rice plants. In Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils of Japan. Eds. K Kitagishi and I Yamane. pp. 66. Japan Science Society Press, Tokyo.
Juliano B O and Bechtel D B 1985 The rice grain and its gross components. In Rice Chemistry and Technology. Ed. B O Juliano. pp. 17–57. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St Paul, MN.
Kido T, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Yamaya H, Ishizaki M, Yamada Y and Nogawa K 1988 Progress of renal dysfunction in inhabitants environmentally exposed to cadmium. Arch. Environ. Health 43, 213–217.
Kido T, Nogawa K, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Ishizaki M, Yamada Y and Nakagawa H 1990 The association between renal dysfunction and osteopenia in environmental cadmium-exposed subjects. Environ. Res. 51, 71–82.
Kitagishi K and Obata H 1979 Distribution of 115 mCd in rice plants absorbed by roots at vegetative stage. Rep. Environ. Sci., Mie Univ., 459–65.
Kitagishi K and Obata H 1981 Accumulation of heavy metals in rice grains. In Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils of Japan. Eds. K Kitagishi and I Yamane. pp. 95–104. Japan Science Society Press, Tokyo.
Koo S I, Fullmer C S and Wasserman R H 1978 Intestinal absorption and retention of 109Cd: Effects of cholecalciferol, calcium status and other variables. J. Nutr. 108, 1812–1822.
Koshino M 1981 Metal stress in rice plants. In Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils of Japan. Eds. K Kitagishi and I Yamane. pp. 66. Japan Science Society Press, Tokyo.
Kukier U and Chaney R L 2002 Growing rice grain with controlled cadmium concentrations. J. Plant Nutr., 251793–1820.
Lindsay W L and Norvell W A 1978 Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil. Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 42, 421–8.
Marr K M, Batten G D and Blakeney A B 1995 Relations between minerals in Australian brown rice. J. Sci. Food Agric. 68, 285–291.
Marschner H 1995 Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd edn. Academic Press, London.
McBride M B 1994 Environmental chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
McGrath S P and Cunliffe C H 1985 A simplified method for the extraction of the metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co and Mn from soils and sewage sludges. J. Sci. Food Agric. 36, 794–798.
McKenzie-Parnell J M and Eynon G 1987 Effect on New Zealand adults consuming large amounts of cadmium in oysters. In Trace Substances in Environmental Health – XXI. Ed. D D Hemphill. pp. 420–430. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, MO.
Nakashima K, Kobayashi E, Nogawa K, Kido T and Honda R 1997 Concentration of cadmium in rice and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction. Occup. Environ. Med. 54, 750–755.
Nelson D W and Sommers L E 1996 Carbon and organic matter. In Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3, Chemical Methods. Ed. D L Sparks. pp. 961–1010. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. and Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin.
Nogawa K and Kido T 1993 Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure in Itai–itai disease epidemiology. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 63, 43–46.
Nogawa K, Yamada Y, Honda R, Ishizaki M, Tsuritani I, Kawano S and Kato T 1983 The relationship between Itai-itai disease among inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin and cadmium in rice. Toxicol. Lett. 17, 263–266.
Norvell W A 1984 Comparison of chelating agents for metals in diverse soil materials. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48, 1285–1292.
Ogawa M, Tanaka K and Kasai Z 1979 Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of phytin globoids in aleurone particles of developing rice grains. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 25, 437–448.
Pedersen B and Eggum B O 1983 The influence of milling on the nutritive value of flour from cereal grains: 4. Rice. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 33, 267–278.
Pongsakul P and Attajarusit S 1999 Assessment of heavy metals in soils. Thai J. Soils Fert. (Thai) 21, 71–82.
Rayment G E and Higginson F R 1992 Electrical conductivity and soil pH. In Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Analysis. Eds. G E Rayment and F R Higginson. pp. 15–23. Inkata Press, Melbourne.
Reeves P G and Chaney R L 2001 Mineral nutrient status of female rats affects the absorption and organ distribution of cadmium from sunflower kernels (Helianthus annuus L.). Environ. Res. 85, 215–225.
Reeves P G and Vanderpool R A 1998 Organ content and fecal excretion of cadmium in male and female rats consuming variable amounts of naturally occurring cadmium in confectionery sunflower kernels (Helianthus annuus L.). J. Nutr. Biochem. 9, 636–644.
Sarasua S M, McGeehin M A, Stallings F L, Terracciano G, Amler R W, Logue J N and Fox J M 1995 Technical Assistance to the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Biologic indicators of exposure to cadmium and lead. Final Report, Palmerton, P.A.Part II. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US-DHHS, Atlanta, GA.
Strehlow C D and Barlthrop D 1988 The Shipham Report – An investigation into cadmium concentration and its implications for human health: 6. Health studies. Sci. Total Environ. 75, 101–133.
Tsuritani I, Honda R, Ishizaki M, Yamada Y, Kido T and Nogawa K 1992 Impairment of vitamin D metabolism due to environmental cadmium exposure, and possible relevance to sex-related differences in vulnerability to bone damage. Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 37, 519–533.
Walkley A 1947 A critical examination of a rapid method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents. Soil Sci. 63, 251–263.
Welch R M and Graham R D 1999 A new paradigm for world agriculture: Meeting human needs productive, sustainable, nutritious. Field Crops Res. 60, 1–10.
Welch R M 1986 Effects of nutrient deficiencies on seed production and quality. Adv. Plant Nutr. 2, 205–247.
Wolnik K A, Fricke F L, Capar S G, Braude G L, Meyer M W, Satzger R D, Bonnin E and Gaston C M 1985 Elements in major raw agricultural crops in the United States. 3. Cadmium, lead, and eleven other elements in carrots, field corn, onions, rice, spinach, and tomatoes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 33, 807–811.
Yoshikawa T, Kusaka S, Zikihara T and Yoshida T 1981 Accumulation of heavy metals in rice grains. In Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils of Japan. Eds. K Kitagishi and I Yamane. pp. 98. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
Zhang Z-W, Moon C-S, Watanabe T, Shimbo S and Ilkeba M 1997 Contents of pollutant and nutrient elements in rice and wheat grown on the neighbouring fields. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 58, 39–50.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Simmons, R.W., Pongsakul, P., Chaney, R.L. et al. The relative exclusion of zinc and iron from rice grain in relation to rice grain cadmium as compared to soybean: Implications for human health. Plant and Soil 257, 163–170 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026242811667
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026242811667