Abstract
Using mesitylene and o-xylene as examples, it was shown that the solvent nature strongly affects the conversion of methylbenzenes in electrophilic amination with the system NaN3-AlCl3-HCl. Two-parameter correlations were found between the substrate conversion, on the one hand, and dielectric constant and number of heavy atoms in the solvent, on the other. A considerable solvent effect on the regioselectivity of amination of o-xylene was observed. The presence of 18-crown-6 weakly affects the ratio of isomeric amines, but the conversion of o-xylene sharply decreases. Solid aromatic substrates, such as durene and pentamethylbenzene can also be involved in electrophilic amination with the system NaN3-AlCl3-HCl. On the basis of the experimental data and the results of quantum-chemical calculations, participation of a nitrenium intermediate in this reaction was postulated.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Borodkin, G.I., Popov, S.A., and Shubin, V.G., Abstracts of Papers, Int. Conf. “Reaction Mechanisms and Organic Intermediates,” St. Petersburg, 2001, p. 87; Borodkin, G.I., Popov, S.A., and Shubin, V.G., Abstracts of Papers, Mezhdunarodnaya konferentsiya “Sovremennye problemy organicheskoi khimii” (Int. Conf. “Current Problems of Organic Chemistry”), Sib. Otd. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2001, p. 71.
Borodkin, G.I., Popov, S.A., Pokrovskii, L.M., and Shubin, V.G., Russ. J. Org. Chem., 2003, vol. 39, p. 747.
Simonova, T.P., Nefedov, V.D., Toropova, M.A., and Kirillov, N.F., Usp. Khim., 1992, vol. 61, p. 1061.
Effenberger, F., Angew. Chem., 1980, vol. 92, p. 147.
Mertens, A., Lammertsma, K., Arvanaghi, M., and Olah, G.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, vol. 105, p. 5657.
Olah, G.A. and Ernst, T.D., J. Org. Chem., 1989, vol. 54, p. 1203.
Takeuchi, H., Adachi, T., Nishiguchi, H., Itou, K., and Koyama, K., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1993, p. 867.
Srivastava, S., Kercher, M., and Falvey, D.E., J. Org. Chem., 1999, vol. 64, p. 5853.
Takeuchi, H., Taniguchi, T., and Ueda, T., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2000, p. 295.
McIlroy, S. and Falvey, D.E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, vol. 123, p. 11 329.
Pirkuliev, N.Sh., Brel, V.K., Akhmedov, N.G., Zefirov, N.S., and Stang, P.J., Mendeleev Commun., 2001, no. 5, p. 172.
Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, Barton, D. and Ollis, W.D., Eds., Oxford: Pergamon, 1979, vol. 2. Translated under the title Obshchaya organicheskaya khimiya, Moscow: Khimiya, 1982, vol. 3, p. 168.
Methoden der organischen Chemie (Houben-Weyl), Stuttgart: Georg Thieme, 1957, vol. XI/1, p. 3.
Krohn, K., Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab., 1987, vol. 35, p. 1047; Belfield, A.J., Brown, G.R., and Foubister, A.J., Tetrahedron, 1999, vol. 55, p. 11 399.
Gutmann, V., Coordination Chemistry in Non-aqueous Solutions, New York: Springer, 1968. Translated under the title Khimiya koordinatsionnykh soedinenii v nevodnykh rastvorakh, Moscow: Mir, 1971, p. 22.
Gordon, A.J. and Ford, R.A., The Chemist's Companion, New York: Wiley, 1972. Translated under the title Sputnik khimika, Moscow: Mir, 1976, pp. 11, 437.
Promyshlennye khlororganicheskie produkty. Spravochnik (Large-Scale Organochlorine Products. Reference Book), Oshin, L.A., Ed., Moscow: Khimiya, 1978, p. 145.
Gibson, S.T., Greene, J.P., and Berkowitz, J., J. Chem. Phys., 1985, vol. 83, p. 4319.
Barnett, J.W., Moodie, R.B., Schofield, K., and Weston, J.B., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1975, p. 648.
Smith, K., Musson, A., and DeBoos, G.A., J. Org. Chem., 1998, vol. 63, p. 8448.
Olah, G.A., Kuhn, S.J., and Flood, S.H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1961, vol. 83, p. 4571.
Atherton, J.H., Moodie, R.B., and Noble, D.R., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1999, p. 699.
Olah, G.A., Kuhn, S.J., and Hardie, B.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, vol. 86, p. 1055.
Olah, G.A., Kuhn, S.J., Flood, S.H., and Hardie, B.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, vol. 86, p. 1039.
Vaughan, J., Welch, G.J., and Wright, G.J., Tetrahedron, 1965, vol. 21, p. 1665.
Canselier, J.-P., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1972, p. 762.
McKillop, A., Bromley, D., and Taylor, E.C., J. Org. Chem., 1972, vol. 37, p. 88.
Ioffe, B.V. and Tszan'-si, Ya., Zh. Obshch. Khim., 1963, vol. 33, p. 2196.
Olah, G.A., Flood, S.H., and Moffatt, M.E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, vol. 86, p. 1060.
Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry, Gold, V., Ed., New York: Academic, 1963, vol. 1, p. 35.
Santiago, C. and Houk, K.N., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, vol. 101, p. 1337.
Stock, L.M. and Brown, H.C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1959, vol. 81, p. 3323.
Takeuchi, H., Higuchi, D., and Adachi, T., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1991, p. 1525.
Dewar, M.J.S., Zoebisch, E.G., Healy, E.F., and Stewart, J.J.P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, vol. 107, p. 3902.
Organic Syntheses, Blatt, A.H., Ed., New York: Wiley, 1943, collect. vol. 1. Translated under the title Sintezy organicheskikh preparatov, Moscow: Inostrannaya Literatura, 1949, collect. vol. 1, p. 214.
Rathore, R., Lindeman, S.V., and Kochi, J.K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, vol. 119, p. 9393.
Weissberger, A., Proskauer, E.S., Riddick, J.A., and Toops, E.E., Jr., Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification, New York: Intersci., 1955, 2nd ed. Translated under the title Organicheskie rastvoriteli, Moscow: Inostrannaya Literatura, 1958, pp. 399, 413.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Borodkin, G.I., Elanov, I.R., Popov, S.A. et al. Electrophilic Amination of Methylbenzenes with the System NaN3-AlCl3-HCl. Effects of the Solvent, Crown Ether, and Substrate Structure. Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 39, 672–679 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026057212359
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026057212359