Abramowitz, Alan I. (1989). Viability, electability, and candidate choice in a presidential primary election: A test of competing models. Journal of Politics 51: 977–992.
Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, Roy Behr, and Shanto Iyengar (1993). The Media Game: American Politics in the Television Age. New York: Macmillan.
Google Scholar
Arminger, G. (1987). Misspecification, asymptotic stability, and ordinal variables in the analysis of panel data. Sociological Methods and Research 15: 336–348.
Google Scholar
Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment. In H. Guetzkow (ed.), Groups, Leadership, and Men (pp. 177–190). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Press.
Google Scholar
Asher, Herbert B. (1988). Presidential Elections and American Politics (4th ed.). Chicago: Dorsey Press.
Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. (1988). Presidential Primaries and Dynamics of Public Choice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Bauer, Raymond A. (1969). The obstinate audience: The influence process from the point of view of social communication. In H. C. Lindgren (ed.), Contemporary Research in Social Psychology (pp. 399–412). New York: Wiley.
Google Scholar
Beckel, Robert G. (1996). Bob Dole headed down Mondale's dead end. Arizona Republic, July 24, 1996: B9.
Becker, Lee B., Idowu A. Sobowale, Robin E. Cobbey, and Chaim H. Eyal (1978). Debates' effects on voters' understanding of candidates and issues. In G. F. Bishop, R. Meadow, and M. Jackson-Beeck (eds.), Presidential Debate, (pp. 126–139). New York: Praeger.
Google Scholar
Brady, Henry E., and Robert Johnston (1987). What's the primary message: Horse race or issue journalism? In G. R. Orren and N. W. Polsby (eds.), Media and Momentum (pp. 127–186) Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
Google Scholar
Carlin, Diana Prentice (1992). Presidential debates as focal points for campaign arguments. Political Communications 9: 251–265.
Google Scholar
Cook, Thomas D., and Donald Campbell (1979). Quasi-Experimentation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Google Scholar
Dennis, J., S. H. Chaffee, and S. Y. Choe (1979). Impact on partisan, image, and issue voting. In S. Kraus (ed.), The Great Debates, Carter v. Ford, 1976 (pp. 314–330). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar
Dittes, J. E., and H. H. Kelly (1956). Effects of different conditions of acceptance upon conformity to group norms. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 53: 100–107.
Google Scholar
Finkel, Steven E. (1993). Reexamining the minimal effects model in recent presidential campaigns. Journal of Politics 55: 1–23.
Google Scholar
Finkel, Steven E. (1995). Causal Analysis with Panel Data. Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07–105. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Fiske, Susan T., and Shelley E. Taylor (1991). Social Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Google Scholar
Geer, John (1988). The effects of presidential debates on the electoral preferences for candidates. American Politics Quarterly 16: 486–501.
Google Scholar
Germond, Jack W., and Jules Witcover (1985). Wake Us Up When It's Over. New York: Macmillan.
Google Scholar
Gopoian, J. D. (1982). Issue preference and candidate choice in presidential primaries. American Journal of Political Science 26: 524–546.
Google Scholar
Hagner, Paul R., and Leroy N. Reiselbach (1978). The impact of the 1976 presidential debates: Conversion or reinforcement? In G. Bishop et al. (eds.), Presidential Debates. (pp. 57–178). New York: Praeger.
Google Scholar
Hellweg, Susan A., Michael Pfau, and Steven R. Brydon (1992). Televised Presidential Debates: Advocacy in Contemporary America. New York: Praeger.
Google Scholar
Holbrook, Thomas M. (1994). The behavioral consequences of vice-presidential debates: Does the undercard have any punch? American Politics Quarterly 22: 469–482.
Google Scholar
Hosmer, David W., and Stanley Lemeshow (1989). Applied Logistic Regression. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Google Scholar
Katz, Elihu, and Jacob J. Feldman (1962). The debates in light of research: A survey of surveys. In Sidney Kraus (ed.), The Great Debates: Kennedy v. Nixon, 1960 (pp. 173–223). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar
Kraus, Sidney (1988). Televised Presidential Debates and Public Policy. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Google Scholar
Kraus, Sidney, and R. G. Smith (1962). Issues and image. In S. Kraus (ed.), The Great Debates, Kennedy v. Nixon, 1960 (pp. 289–312). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar
KTVK (1996). Late Night News, February 22.
Lang, Kurt, and Gladys Engel Lang (1962). Reactions of viewers. In Sidney Kraus (ed.), The Great Debates, Kennedy v. Nixon, 1960 (pp. 313–330). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar
Lang, Kurt, and Gladys Engel Lang (1968). Politics and Television. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Google Scholar
Lanoue, David J. (1991). The “turning point”: Viewers' reactions to the second 1988 presidential debate. American Politics Quarterly 19: 80–95.
Google Scholar
Lanoue, David J. (1992). One that made a difference: Cognitive consistency, political knowledge, and the 1980 presidential debate. Public Opinion Quarterly 56: 168–184.
Google Scholar
Lanoue, David J., and Peter R. Schrott (1989). The effects of primary season debates on public opinion. Political Behavior 11: 289–306.
Google Scholar
Lanoue, David J., and Peter R. Schrott (1991). The Joint Press Conference: The History, Impact, and Prospects of American Presidential Debates. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Google Scholar
Lemert, James B. (1993). Do televised presidential debates help inform voters? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 37: 83–94.
Google Scholar
McIntosh, Everton G. (1989). Perceived bias in presidential debates. Perceptual and Motor Skills 68: 462.
Google Scholar
McIntosh, Everton G. (1993). Do presidential debates contribute to a change in voters' attitudes? Perceptual and Motor Skills 77: 545–546.
Google Scholar
Milburn, Michael A. (1991). Persuasion and Politics: The Social Psychology of Public Opinion. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
Google Scholar
Miller, Arthur H., and Michael MacKuen (1979). Informing the electorate: A national study. In Sidney Kraus (ed.), The Great Debates, Carter v. Ford, 1976 (p. 269–297). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar
Murphy, Michael (1996a). 55% undecided, poll says. Arizona Republic, February 21: A5.
Murphy, Michael (1996b). Dole “snub” leaves debate wide open. Arizona Republic, February 22: A1-A2.
Murphy, Michael, and Kris Mayes (1996). Buchanan trades jabs with 2 rivals. Arizona Republic, February 23: A1.
Nemeth, C. J. (1986). Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological Review 93: 23–32.
Google Scholar
Newsweek (1976). The debates. September 27: 24–29.
Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., and L. Ross (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Google Scholar
Orren, G. R. (1985). The nomination process: Vieissitudes of candidate selection. In M. Nelson (ed.), The Elections of 1984 (pp. 27–82). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.
Google Scholar
Patterson, Thomas E. (1980). The Mass Media Election. New York: Praeger.
Google Scholar
Payne, J. Gregory, James L. Golden, John Marlier, and Scott C. Ratzan (1989). Perceptions of the 1988 presidential and vice-presidential debates. American Behavioral Scientist 32: 425–435.
Google Scholar
Polsby, Nelson W., and Aaron Wildavsky (1996). Presidential Elections. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, Inc.
Google Scholar
Popkin, Samuel L. (1994). The Reasoning Voter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar
Ray, Michael L. (1973). Psychological theories and interpretations of learning. In S. Ward and T. S. Robertson (eds.), Consumer Behavior: Theoretical Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Google Scholar
Ray, Michael L. (1974a). The present and potential linkages between the microtheoretical notions of the behavioral sciences and the problems of advertising. In Harry Davis and Alvin J. Silk (eds.), The Behavioral and Management Sciences in Marketing. New York: Ronald Press.
Google Scholar
Ray, Michael L. (1974b). Consumer initial processing: Definitions, issues, and applications. In G. David Hughes and Michael L. Ray (eds.), Buyer/Consumer Information Processing (pp. 145–156). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Google Scholar
Reagan, Ronald (1990). An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Google Scholar
Schrott, Peter R. (1990). Electoral consequences of “winning” campaign debates. Public Opinion Quarterly 54: 567–585.
Google Scholar
Sears, David, and Steven Chaffee (1979). Uses and effects of the 1976 debates: An overview of empirical studies. In Sidney Kraus (ed.), The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976 (pp. 223–261). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar
Steeper, Frederic T. (1978). Public response to Gerald Ford's statements on Eastern Europe in the second debate. In G. F. Bishop et al. (eds.), Presidential Debates (pp. 81–101). New York: Praeger.
Google Scholar
Stone, Walter J., Ronald B. Rapoport, and Lonna Rae Atkeson (1995). A simulation model of presidential nomination choice. American Journal of Political Science 39: 135–161.
Google Scholar
Swanson, L. L., and D. L. Swanson (1978). The agenda-setting function of the first Ford-Carter debate. Communication Monographs 45: 347–353.
Google Scholar
Taylor, Shelley E., and S. C. Thompson (1982). Stalking the elusive “vividness” effect. Psychological Review 89: 155–181.
Google Scholar
Wall, V., J. Golden, and H. James (1988). Perceptions of the 1984 presidential debates and a select 1988 presidential primary debate. Presidential Studies Quarterly 18: 541–563.
Google Scholar
White, Theodore H. (1982). America in Search of Itself. New York: Warner.
Google Scholar
Zaller, John R. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Zaller, John R. (1996). The myth of massive media impact revived: New support for a discredited idea. In Diana C. Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman, and Richard A. Brody (eds.), Political Persuasion and Attitude Change (pp. 17–78). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Google Scholar
Zhu, Jian-Hua, J. Ronald Milavsky, and Rahul Biswas (1994). Do televised debates affect image perception more than issue knowledge? A study of the first 1992 presidential debate. Human Communication Research 20: 302–333.
Google Scholar