Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lytic Enzymes of Trichoderma and Their Role in Plant Defense from Fungal Diseases: A Review

  • Published:
Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Lytic enzymes of mycoparasitic fungi of the genus Trichoderma, capable of suppressing a number of fungal phytopathogens that originate in air or soil, are reviewed. The topics analyzed include (1) regulation of production of chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, and proteases; (2) molecular and catalytic properties of purified enzymes; and (3) their in vitro ability to degrade cell walls and inhibit spore germination or germ-tube elongation in various phytopathogenic fungi. Among the results summarized are reports of cloning and expression of genes coding for certain lytic enzymes of Trichoderma spp. These genes are used for obtaining plant transgenes with increased resistance to fungal diseases and Trichoderma transformants that produce higher levels of one lytic enzyme (a chitinase or protease) and thereby exhibit a more pronounced ability to suppress phytopathogenic fungi.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Papavizas, G.C., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 1985, vol. 23, pp. 23–54.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chet, I., Innovative Approaches to Plant Disease Control, Chet, I., Ed., New York: Wiley, 1987, pp. 137–160.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Singh, J. and Faull, J.L., Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens, Mukerji, K.G. and Garg, K.L., Eds., Boca Raton: CRC, 1990, pp. 167–179.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hjeljord, L. and Tronsmo, A., Trichoderma and Gliocladium, Harman, G.E. and Kubicek, C.E., Eds., London: Taylor and Francis, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 129–151.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Benhamou, N. and Chet, I., Phytopathol., 1996, vol. 86, no.4, pp. 405–416.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hermosa, M.R., Grondona, J., Ilturiaga, E.A., et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 66, no.5, pp. 1890–1898.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ghisalberti, E.L. and Sivasithamparam, K., Soil Biol. Biochem., 1991, vol. 23, pp. 1011–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ghisalberti, E.L. and Rowland, G.Y., J. Nat. Prod., 1993, vol. 56, no.10, pp. 1799–1804.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Belanger, R.R., Dufour, N., Caron, J., and Benhamou, N., Biocontrol Sci. Technol., 1995, vol. 5, pp. 41–53.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Howeell, C.R., Trichoderma and Gliocladium, Harman, G.E. and Kubicek, C.E., Eds., London: Taylor and Francis, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 173–183.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Haran, S., Schickler, H., Oppenheim, A., and Chet, I., Phytopathol., 1996, vol. 86, pp. 980–985.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Simon, A. and Sivasithamparan, K., Soil Biol. Biochem., 1989, vol. 21, no.3, pp. 331–337.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Inbar, J., Abramshy, D., Cohen, D., and Chet, I., Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 1994, vol. 100, pp. 337–346.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Yedidia, I., Benhamou, N., and Chet, I., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1999, vol. 65, no.3, pp. 1061–1070.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zimand, G., Elad, Y., and Chet, I., Phytopathol., 1996, vol. 86, no.11, pp. 1225–1260.

    Google Scholar 

  16. De Meyer, G., Bigirimana, J., Elad, Y., and Hofte, M., Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 1998, vol. 104, pp. 279–286.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Yedidia, I., Benhamou, N., Kapulnik, Y., and Chet, I., Plant Physiol. Biochem. (Paris), 2000, vol. 38, no.11, pp. 863–873.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Elad, Y., Barak, R., and Chet, I., J. Bacteriol., 1983, vol. 154, no.3, pp. 1431–1435.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Inbar, J. and Chet, I., J. Bacteriol., 1992, vol. 174, no.3, pp. 1055–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Jeffries, P. and Young, T.W.K., Interfungal Parasitic Relationships, Wallingford (UK): CAB Int., 1994, p. 296.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Elad, Y., Barak, R., Chet, I., and Henis, Y., Phytopathol. Z., 1983, vol. 107, no.2, pp. 168–175.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Elad, Y., Chet, I., Boyle, P., and Henis, Y., Phytopathol., 1983, vol. 73, no.1, pp. 85–88.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Benhamou, N. and Chet, I., Phytopathol., 1993, vol. 83, no.10, pp. 1062–1071.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Cherif, M. and Benhamou, N., Phytopathol., 1990, vol. 80, no.12, pp. 1406–1414.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chet, I., Hadar, Y., Elad, Y., et al., Soil Born Plant Pathogens, London: Academic, 1979, pp. 585–592.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chet, I. and Baker, R., Phytopathol., 1981, vol. 71, no.3, pp. 286–290.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wessels, J.G.H., Int. Rev. Cytol., 1986, vol. 104, pp. 37–79.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Peberdy, J.F., Biochemistry of Cell Walls and Membranes in Fungi, Kuhn, P.J., Trinci, A.P.J., Jung, M.J., Goosey, M.W., and Copping, L.G., Eds., Heidelberg: Springer, 1990, pp. 5–24.

    Google Scholar 

  29. De La Cruz, J., Rey, M., Lora, J.M., et al., Arch. Microbiol., 1993, vol. 159, pp. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Geremia, R., Goldman, G., Jacobs, D., et al., Mol. Microbiol., 1993, vol. 8, no.3, pp. 603–613.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Carsolio, C., Gutierrez, A., Jimenez, B., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, vol. 91, no.23, pp. 10903–10907.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ward, E.R., Uknes, S.J., Willians, S.C., et al., Plant Cell, 1991, vol. 3, no.10, pp. 1085–1094.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chet, I., Benhamou, N., and Haran, S., Trichoderma and Gliocladium, Harman, G.E. and Kubicek, C.E., Eds., London: Taylor and Francis, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 153–171.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Elad, Y., Chet, I., and Henis, Y., Can. J. Microbiol., 1982, vol. 28, pp. 719–725.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Lorito, M., Trichoderma and Gliocladium, Harman, G.E. and Kubicek, C.E., Eds., London: Taylor and Francis, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 73–99.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Woo, S.L., Donzelli, B., Scala, F., et al., Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 1998, vol. 12, no.5, pp. 419–429.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Harman, G.E., Hayes, C.K., Lorito, M., et al., Phytopathol., 1993, vol. 83, no.3, pp. 313–318.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sahai, A.S. and Manocha, M.S., FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 1993, vol. 11, no.4, pp. 317–338.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Henrissat, B., Biochem. J., 1991, vol. 280, no.2, pp. 309–316.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Henrissat, B. and Bairoch, A., Biochem. J., 1993, vol. 293, no.3, pp. 781–788.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Henrissat, B. and Bairoch, A., Biochem. J., 1996, vol. 316, no.2, pp. 695–696.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Haran, S., Schickler, H., Oppenheim, A., and Chet, I., Mycol. Res., 1995, vol. 99, no.9, pp. 441–446.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Haran, S., Schickler, H., and Chet, I., Microbiol., 1996, vol. 142, no.9, pp. 2321–2331.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lorito, M., Harman, G.E., Hayes, C.K., et al., Phytopathol., 1993, vol. 83, no.3, pp. 302–307.

    Google Scholar 

  45. De La Cruz, J., Hidalgo-Gallego, A., Lora, J.M., et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 1992, vol. 206, no.3, pp. 859–867.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ulhoa, C.J. and Peberdy, J.F., Curr. Microbiol., 1991, vol. 23, pp. 285–289.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ulhoa, C.J. and Peberdy, J.F., J. Gen. Microbiol., 1991, vol. 137, no.9, pp. 2163–2169.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ulhoa, C.J. and Peberdy, J.F., Enzyme Microb. Technol., 1992, vol. 14, pp. 236–240.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Di Pietro, A., Lorito, M., Hayes, C.K., et al, Phytopathol., 1993, vol. 83, no.3, pp. 308–313.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Deane, E.E., Whipps, J.M., Lynch, J.M., and Peberdy, J.F., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1998, vol. 1383, no.1, pp. 101–110.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Lorito, M., Hayes, C.K., Di Pietro, A., et al., Phytopathol., 1994, vol. 84, no.4, pp. 398–405.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Limon, M.C., Lora, J.M., Garcia, I., et al., Curr. Genet., 1995, vol. 28, no.5, pp. 478–483.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lima, L.H., De Marco, J.L., Ulhoa, C.J., and Felix, C.R., Folia Microbiol., 1999, vol. 44, no.1, pp. 45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Limon, M.C., Margolles-Clark, E., Benitez, T., and Pentilla, M., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2001, vol. 198, no.1, pp. 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lorito, M., Peterbauer, C., Hayes, C.K., and Harman, G.E., Microbiol., 1994, vol. 140, no.3, pp. 623–629.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Schirmbock, M., Lorito, M., Wang, Y.L., et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1994, vol. 60, no.12, pp. 4364–4370.

    Google Scholar 

  57. US Patent 5173419, 1992.

  58. Garcia, I., Lora, J.M., De La Cruz, J., et al., Curr. Genet., 1994, vol. 27, no.1, pp. 83–89.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Peterbauer, C.K., Lorito, M., Hayes, C.K., et al., Curr. Genet., 1996, vol. 30, no.4, pp. 325–331.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Margolles-Clark, E., Harman, G.E., and Penttila, M., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1996, vol. 62, no.6, pp. 2152–2155.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lorito, M., Mach, R.L., Sposato, P., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, vol. 93, no.25, pp. 14868–14872.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Cortes, C., Gutierez, A., Olmedo, V., et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 1998, vol. 260, no.2–3, pp. 218–225.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Carsolio, C., Benhamou, N., Haran, S., et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1999, vol. 65, no.3, pp. 929–935.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Mach, R.L., Peterbauer, C.K., Payer, K., et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1999, vol. 65, no.5, pp. 1858–1863.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Zeilinger, S., Galhaup, C., Payer, K., et al., Fungal Genet. Biol., 1999, vol. 26, no.2, pp. 131–140.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Dana, M.M., Limon, M.C., Mejias, R., et al., Curr. Genet., 2001, vol. 38, no.6, pp. 335–342.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Inbar, J. and Chet, I., Microbiol., 1995, vol. 141, pp. 2823–2829.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kullnig, C., Mach, R.L., Lorito, M., and Kubicek, C.P., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 66, no.5, pp. 2232–2234.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hayes, C.K., Klemsdal, S., Lorito, M., et al., Gene, 1994, vol. 138, no.1-2, pp. 143–148.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Draborg, H., Christgau, S., Halkier, T., et al., Curr. Genet., 1996, vol. 29, no.4, pp. 404–409.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Giczey, G., Kerenyi, Z., Dallmann, G., and Hornok, L., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1998, vol. 165, no.2, pp. 247–252.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Baek, J.M., Howell, C.R., and Kenerley, C.M., Curr. Genet., 1999, vol. 35, no.1, pp. 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Limon, M.C., Llobell, A., Pintor-Toro, J.A., and Benitez, T., Phytopathol., 1999, vol. 89, no.3, pp. 254–261.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Draborg, H., Kauppinen, S., Dalboge, H., and Christgau, S., Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 1995, vol. 36, no.4, pp. 781–791.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Lorito, M., Woo, S.L., Garcia, I., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, vol. 95, no.14, pp. 7860–7865.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Bolar, J.P., Norelli, J.L., Wong, K.W., et al., Phytopathol., 2000, vol. 90, no.1, pp. 72–77.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Mora, A. and Earle, E.D., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2001, vol. 55, no.3, pp. 306–310.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Reese, E.T. and Mandels, M., Can. J. Microbiol., 1959, vol. 5, pp. 173–185.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Pitson, S.M., Seviour, R.J., and McDougall, B.M., Enzyme Microb. Technol., 1993, vol. 15, pp. 178–192.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Sivan, A. and Chet, I., J. Gen. Microbiol., 1989, vol. 135, no.3, pp. 675–682.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Simmons, C.R., Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 1994, vol. 13, no.4, pp. 325–387.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Kitamoto, Y., Kono, R., Shimotori, A., et al., Agric. Biol. Chem., 1987, vol. 51, no.12, pp. 3385–3386.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Noronha, E.F. and Ulhoa, C.J., Can. J. Microbiol., 1996, vol. 42, no.10, pp. 1039–1044.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Vazquez-Garciduenas, S., Leal-Morales, C.A., and Herrera-Estrella, A., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 64, no.4, pp. 1442–1446.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Noronha, E.F., Kipnis, A., Junqueira-Kipnis, A.P., and Ulhoa, C.J., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2000, vol. 188, no.1, pp. 19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Noronha, E.F. and Ulhoa, C.J., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2000, vol. 183, no.1, pp. 119–123.

    Google Scholar 

  87. De La Cruz, J., Pintor-Toro, J.A., Benitez, T., et al., J. Bacteriol., 1995, vol. 177, no.23, pp. 6937–6945.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lorito, M., Farkas, V., Rebuffat, S., et al., J. Bacteriol., 1996, vol. 178, no.21, pp. 6382–6385.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Scott, J.H. and Schekman, R., J. Bacteriol., 1980, vol. 142, no.2, pp. 414–423.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Andrews, B.A. and Asenjo, J.A., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 1987, vol. 30, pp. 628–637.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Flores, A., Chet, I., and Herrera-Estrella, A., Curr. Genet., 1997, vol. 31, no.1, pp. 30–37.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Migheli, Q., Gonzalez-Candelas, L., Dealessi, L., et al., Phytopathol., 1998, vol. 8, no.7, pp. 673–677.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Rudenskaya, G.N., Osterman, A.L., and Stepanov, V.M., Biokhimiya (Moscow), 1980, vol. 45, no.4, pp. 710–716.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Gaida, A.V., Osterman, A.L., Rudenskaya, G.N., and Stepanov, V.M., Biokhimiya (Moscow), 1981, vol. 46, no.1, pp. 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Gaida, A.V., Rudenskaya, G.N., and Stepanov, V.M., Biokhimiya (Moscow), 1981, vol. 46, no.11, pp. 2064–2073.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Dunaevskii, Ya.E., Gruban', T.N., Belyakova, G.A., and Belozerskii, M.A., Mikrobiologiya, 1999, vol. 68, no.3, pp. 324–329.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Dunaevskii, Ya.E., Gruban', T.N., Belyakova, G.A., and Belozerskii, M.A., Biokhimiya (Moscow), 1996, vol. 65, no.6, pp. 848–853.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Elad, Y. and Kapat, A., Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 1999, vol. 105, no.2, pp. 177–189.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Elad, Y., Biol. Rev., 1997, vol. 72, pp. 381–422.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Elad, Y. and Evensen, K., Phytopathol., 1996, vol. 85, no.3, pp. 637–643.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Shishiyama, J., Araki, F., and Akai, S., Plant Cell Physiol., 1970, vol. 11, no.6, pp. 37–94.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Van Den Heuvel, J. and Waterreus, L.P., Netherlands J. Plant Pathol., 1985, vol. 91, no.6, pp. 253–264.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Kapat, A., Zimand, G., and Elad, Y., Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 1998, vol. 52, no.2, pp. 127–137.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Benhamou, N. and Chet, I., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1997, vol. 63, no.5, pp. 2095–2099.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Ozeretskovskaya, O.L., Leont'eva, G.V., Chalenko, G.I., et al., Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol., 1993, vol. 29, no.5, pp. 757–764.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vektor State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology, Kol'tsovo, Novosibirsk oblast, 630559, Russia

    N. A. Markovich & G. L. Kononova

Authors
  1. N. A. Markovich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. L. Kononova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Markovich, N.A., Kononova, G.L. Lytic Enzymes of Trichoderma and Their Role in Plant Defense from Fungal Diseases: A Review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 39, 341–351 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024502431592

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024502431592

Keywords

Search

Navigation