Skip to main content
Log in

Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises

  • Published:
Review of Industrial Organization Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We examine the competitive behavior of a public enterprise thatdoes not seek solely to maximize its profit. We find that despite a reduced focus on profit, a publicenterprise may have stronger incentives to pursue anticompetitive activities than does a private,profit-maximizing firm. These activities include setting prices below marginal cost, raising theoperating costs of existing rivals, erecting entry barriers to preclude the operation of new competitors,and circumventing regulations designed to foster competition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Areeda, Phillip, and Herbert Hovenkamp (1999) Antitrust Law: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles and their Application. Boston, MA: Aspen Law and Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, Mark, and John Vickers (1993) ‘Price Discrimination, Competition and Regulation’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 41, 335¶360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baseman, Kenneth (1981) ‘Open Entry and Cross-Subsidization in Regulated Markets’, in Gary Fromm, ed., Studies in Public Regulation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 329¶360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumol, William (1959) Business Behavior, Value and Growth. New York: The MacMillan Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumol, William (1984) ‘Toward a Theory of Public Enterprise’, Atlantic Economic Journal, 12, 13¶19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumol, William, and David Bradford (1970) ‘Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing’, American Economic Review, 60, 265¶283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Gary (1983) ‘A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98, 371¶400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blais, André, and Stéphane Dion (1991) ‘Conclusion: Are Bureaucrats Budget Maximizers?’, in André Blais, and Stéphane Dion, eds., The Budget-Maximizing Bureaucrat: Appraisals and Evidence. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 355¶361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, Anthony, and Aidan Vining (1989) ‘Ownership and Performance in Competitive Environments: A Comparison of the Performance of Private, Mixed and State-Owned Enterprises’, Journal of Law and Economics, 32, 1¶33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braeutigam, Ronald, and John Panzar (1989) ‘Diversification Incentives under “Price-Based” and “Cost-Based” Regulation’, Rand Journal of Economics, 20, 373¶391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, Timothy (1990) ‘Cross-Subsidization and Cost Misallocation by Regulated Monopolists’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 2, 37¶51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, Timothy, and Karen Palmer (1994) ‘Comparing the Costs and Benefits of Diversification by Regulated Firms’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 6, 115¶136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brick, Michael (1999) ‘Private Mailbox Services Call New Postal Rules Unfair’. New York Times, July 6, p. C2.

  • Brock, William (1983) ‘Pricing, Predation, and Entry Barriers in Regulated Industries’, in David Evans, ed., Breaking Up Bell. New York: North-Holland, pp. 191¶229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cremer, Helmuth, Marc de Rycke, and Andréé Grimaud (1997) ‘Service Quality, Competition, and Regulatory Policies in the Postal Sector’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 11, 5¶19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cremer, Helmuth, Maurice Marchand, and Jacques-Francois Thisse (1989) ‘The Public Firm as an Instrument for Regulating an Oligopolistic Market’, Oxford Economic Papers, 41, 283¶301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cremer, Helmuth, Maurice Marchand, and Jacques-Francois Thisse (1991) ‘Mixed Oligopoly with Differentiated Products’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 9, 43¶53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crew, Michael, and Keith Crocker (1991) ‘Diversification and Regulated Monopoly’, in M. Crew, ed., Competition and the Regulation of Utilities. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 33¶49.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Fraja, Giovanni, and Flavio Delbono (1989) ‘Alternative Strategies of a Public Enterprise in Oligopoly’, Oxford Economic Papers, 41, 302¶311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delbono, Flavio, and Vincenzo Denicolo (1993) ‘Regulating Innovative Activity: The Role of a Public Firm’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 11, 35¶48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delbono, Flavio, and Gianpaolo Rossini (1992) ‘Competition Policy vs. Horizontal Merger with Public, Entrepreneurial, and Labor-Managed Firms’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 16, 226¶240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economides, Nicholas (1998) ‘The Incentive for Non-Price Discrimination by an Input Monopolist’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 16, 271¶284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, R. Richard (1994) ‘Agency Costs and Governance in the United States Postal Service’, in J. Gregory Sidak, ed., Governing the Postal Service. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press, pp. 114¶140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, R. Richard (2002) Saving the Mail: How to Solve the Problems of the U.S. Postal Service. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansmann, Henry (1996) The Ownership of Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, Oliver, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny (1997) ‘The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113, 1127¶1161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krattenmaker, Thomas, and Steven Salop (1986) ‘Anticompetitive Exclusion: Raising Rivals’ Costs to Achieve Power over Price’, Yale Law Journal, 96, 209¶295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreps, David, and Robert Wilson (1982) ‘Reputation and Imperfect Information’, Journal of Economic Theory, 27, 253¶279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, Peter (1997) ‘Welfare Effects of Pricing in Anticipation of Laspeyres Price Cap Regulation: An Example’, Bulletin of Economic Research, 49, 17¶27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, Cotton (1976) ‘A Theory of Government Enterprise’, Journal of Political Economy, 84, 1061¶1077.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lott, John (1990) ‘Predation by Public Enterprises’, Journal of Public Economics, 43, 237¶251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lott, John (1999) Are Predatory Commitments Credible? Who Should the Courts Believe? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacAvoy, Paul, and George McIsaac (1995) ‘The Current File on the Case for Privatization of the Federal Government Enterprises’, The Hume Papers on Public Policy, 3, 121¶147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandy, David (2000) ‘Killing the Goose that Laid the Golden Egg: Only the Data Know Whether Sabotage Pays’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 17, 157¶172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandy, David, and David Sappington (2001) Incentives for Sabotage in Vertically-Related Industries. University of Missouri mimeo.

  • Milgrom, Paul, and John Roberts (1982a) ‘Limit Pricing and Entry under Incomplete Information: An Equilibrium Analysis’, Econometrica, 50, 443¶460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milgrom, Paul, and John Roberts (1982b) ‘Predation, Reputation and Entry Deterrence’, Journal of Economic Theory, 27, 280¶312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newbery, David (1999) Privatization, Restructuring, and Regulation of Network Utilities. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niskanen, William (1971) Bureaucracy and Representative Government. Chicago, IL: Aldine-Atherton Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niskanen, William (1975) ‘Bureaucrats and Politicians’, Journal of Law and Economics, 18, 617¶643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ordover, Janusz, and Garth Saloner (1989) ‘Predation, Monopolization, and Antitrust’, in Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., Handbook of Industrial Organization, Volume I. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 537¶596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oster, Sharon (1995) ‘The Failure of Postal Reform’, The Hume Papers on Public Policy 3, 109¶120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peltzman, Sam (1971) ‘Pricing in Public and Private Enterprises: Electric Utilities in the United States’, Journal of Law and Economics, 14, 109¶147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philipson, Thomas, and Richard Posner (2001) ‘Antitrust and the Not-for-Profit Sector’, NBER Working Paper No. 8126.

  • Posner, Richard (1971) ‘Taxation by Regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics, 2, 22¶50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, Frank (1927) ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation’, Economic Journal, 37, 47¶61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiffen, David (1988) ‘A Regulated Firm's Incentive to Discriminate: A Reevaluation and Extension of Weisman's Result’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 14, 79¶86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, Ray (1984) ‘A Positive Theory of the Public Enterprise’, in Maurice Marchand, Pierre Pestieau, and Henry Tulkens, eds., The Performance of Public Enterprises: Concepts and Measurement. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 179¶191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose-Ackerman, Susan (1996) ‘Altruism, Nonprofits, and Economic Theory’, Journal of Economic Literature, 34, 701¶728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruys, Pieter (1988) ‘Industries with Private and Public Enterprises’, European Economic Review, 32, 415¶421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salop, Steven (1979) ‘Strategic Entry Deterrence’, American Economic Review, 69, 335¶338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salop, Steven, and David Scheffman (1983) ‘Raising Rivals’ Costs’, American Economic Review, 73, 267¶271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salop, Steven, and David Scheffman (1987) ‘Cost-Raising Strategies’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 36, 19¶34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salop, Steven, David Scheffman, and Warren Schwartz (1984) ‘A Bidding Analysis of Special Interest Regulation: Raising Rivals’ Costs in a Rent Seeking Society’, in Robert Rogowsky, and Bruce Yandle, eds., The Political Economy of Regulation: Private Interests in the Regulatory Process. Washington, D.C.: Federal Trade Commission, pp. 102¶127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sappington, David, and David Sibley (1992) ‘Strategic Nonlinear Pricing under Price Cap Regulation’, Rand Journal of Economics, 23, 1¶19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sappington, David, and J. Gregory Sidak (2000) ‘Are Public Enterprises the Only Credible Predators?’, University of Chicago Law Review, 67, 271¶292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sappington, David, and J. Gregory Sidak (2001) Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises, University of Florida mimeo.

  • Shleifer, Andrei (1998) ‘State Versus Private Ownership’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12, 133¶150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, R. P. (1984) ‘The Role of Public Enterprises: An International Statistical Comparison’, in Robert Floyd, Clive Gray, and R. P. Short, eds., Public Enterprises in Mixed Economies: Some Macroeconomic Aspects. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, pp. 110¶196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, David, and Dennis Weisman (1998) ‘Raising Rivals’ Costs: The Entry of an Upstream Monopolist into Downstream Markets’, Information Economics and Policy, 10, 451¶470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidak, J. Gregory, and Daniel Spulber (1996) Protecting Competition from the Postal Monopoly. AEI Press.

  • Stigler, George (1971) ‘The Theory of Regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics, 2, 3¶21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirole, Jean (1988) The Theory of Industrial Organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisbrod, Burton (1997) ‘The Future of the Nonprofit Sector: Its Entwining with Private Enterprise and Government’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 16, 541¶555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisman, Dennis (1993) ‘Superior Regulatory Regimes in Theory and Practice’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 5, 355¶366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisman, Dennis (1995) Regulation and the Vertically Integrated Firm: The Case of RBOC Entry into InterLATA Long Distance’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 8, 249¶266.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (1995) Bureaucrats in Business: The Economics and Politics of Government Ownership. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sappington, D.E.M., Sidak, J.G. Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises. Review of Industrial Organization 22, 183–206 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023607223501

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023607223501

Navigation