Abstract
Stereotactic neurosurgery and radiation therapy require three-dimensional localization of lesions for biopsy or treatment. The aim of this paper is to describe the methods used in the different imaging modalities: X-ray teleradiography, digital subtracted angiography, computerized tomography, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Simple pinpoint target localization techniques are differentiated from those serving to define the target volumes necessary for treatment planning. The performances and difficulties of these techniques are emphasized. The specific methodology developed in Lille is described by way of example. Organizational aspects and the quality controls needed to ensure the efficiency of the procedure, from imaging to treatment, are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Kelly PJ: Tumour Stereotaxis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1991
Peters TM, Henri C, Pike GB, Clark JA, Collins, L, Olivier A: Integration of stereoscopic DSA with three-dimensional image reconstruction for stereotactic planning. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 54–55:471–476, 1990
Talairach J, David M, Tournoux P, Corredor R, Kvasina T: Atlas d'anatomie stéréotaxique. Paris: Masson Ed., 1957
Talairach J, Bancaud J, Szikla G, Bonis A, Geier S, Vedrenne C: New approach to the neurosurgery of epilepsy. Stereotaxic methodology and therapeutic results. 1. Introduction and history. Neurochirurgie 20:1–240, 1974
Betti O, Derechinsky V: Multiple-beam stereotaxic irradiation. Neurochirurgie 29:295–298, 1983
Betti O, Munari C, Rosler R: Stereotactic radiosurgery with the linear accelerator: Treatment of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 24:311–321, 1989
Blond S, Parent M, Clarisse J: Exploration stéréotaxique des tumeurs cérébrales. Encyclopédie médico chirurgicale 12:31660E10, 1990
Lutz W, Winston KR, Maleki N: A system for stereotactic radiosurgery with a linear accelerator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14:373–381, 1988
Luxton G, Petrovich Z, Jozsef G, Nedzi LA, Apuzzo ML: Stereotactic radiosurgery: Principles and comparison of treatment methods. Neurosurgery 32:241–259, 1993
Niel C: A reference frame designed to use external numeric references during simulation for tumours located in the head. Br J Radiol 66:927–929, 1993
Steinberg GK, Guppy KH, Adler JR, Silverberg GD: Stereotactic angiography-guided clipping a distal, mycotic intracranial aneurysm using the Cosman-Roberts-Wells system. Neurosurgery 30:408–411, 1992
Waltregny A, Thibaut A, Godin D: Actualisation du système stéréotaxique de Talairach en vúe de la détermination d'un plan référentiel commun aux techniques d'imageries cérébrales (scanner RX, RMN, PET SCAN). EEG Neurophysiol Clin 16:269–271, 1986
Hariz MI, Bergenheim AT: A comparative study on ventriculograpic and computerized tomography-guided determinations of brain targets in functional stereotaxis. J Neurosurg 73:565–571, 1990
Leksell L: Stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46:797–803, 1983
Zhang J, Levesque MF, Wilson CL, Harper RM, Engel J, Lufkin R, Behnke EJ: Multimodality imaging of brain structures for stereotactic surgery. Radiology 175:435–441, 1990
Kooy HM, Dunbar SF, Tarbell NJ, Mannarino E, Ferarro N, Shusterman S, Dellerive M, Finn L, McDonough CV, Loeffler JS: Adaptation and verification of the relocatable Gill-Thommas-Cosman frame in stereotactic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30:685–691, 1994
Bucholz RD, Ho HW, Rubin JP: Variables affecting the accuracy of stereotactic localization using computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 79:667–673, 1993
Zylka W, Wischmann HA: On geometric distortions in CT images. Proc 18th Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc., EMBS, 1996
Lemieux L, Jagoe R: Effect of fiducial marker localization on stereotactic target coordinate calculation in CT slices and radiographs. Phys Med Biol 39:1915–1928, 1994
Crooks IA, Fallone BG, Podgorsak EB, Sharoubim N: A CT and MR compatible reference marker box for use with stereotaxic frames. AJR 164:178–180, 1995
Schad LR, Blüml S, Hawighorst H, Wenz F, Lorenz WJ: Radiosurgical treatment planning of brain metastases based on a fast, three-dimensional MR imaging technique. Magn Reson Imag 12:811–819, 1994
Schad LR, Bock M, Baudendistel K, Essig M, Debus J, Knopp MV, Engenhart R, Lorenz WJ: Improved target volume definition in radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations by stereotactic correlation of MRA, MRI, blood bolus tagging, and functional MRI. Eur Radiol 6:38–45, 1996
Harris R, Wesbey G: Artifact in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Ann, pp. 71–112, 1988
Michiels J, Bosmans H, Pelgrims P, Vandermeulen D, Gybels J, Marchal G, Suetens P: On the problem of geometric distortion in magnetic resonance images for stereotactic neurosurgery. Magn Reson Imag 12:749–765, 1994
Sumanaweera TS, Glover GH, Hemler PF, van den Elsen PA, Martin D, Adler JR, Napel S: MR geometric distortion correction for improved frame-based stereotaxic target localization accuracy. Magn Reson Med 34:106–113, 1995
Novotny J, Novotny J, Vymazal J, Liscak R, Vladyka V: Assessment of the accuracy of stereotactic target localization using magnetic resonance imaging: A phantom study. J Radiosurg 1:99–113, 1998
Maurer CRJ, Aboutanos GB, Dawant BM, Gadamsetty S, Margolin RA, Maciunas RJ, Fitzpatrick JM: Effect of geometrical distortion correction in MR on image registration accuracy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:666–679, 1996
Schad L, Lott S, Schmitt F, Sturm V, Lorenz WJ: Correction of spatial distortion in MR imaging: A prerequisite for accurate stereotaxy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:499–505, 1987
Burchiel KJ, Nguyen TT, Coombs BD, Szumoski J: MRI distortion and stereotactic neurosurgery using the Cosman-Roberts-Wells and Leksell frames. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 66:123–136, 1996
Haselgrove JG, Moore JR: Correction for distortion of echoplanar images used to calculate the apparent diffusion coefficient. MRM 36:960–964, 1996
De Munck JC, Bhagwandien R, Muller SH, Verster FC, van Herk MB: The computation of MR image distortions caused by tissue susceptibility using the boundary element method. IEEE Trans Med Imag 15:620–627, 1996
Meuli RA, Verdun FR, Bochud FO, Emsley L, Frankhauser H: Assessment of MR image deformation for stereotactic neurosurgery using a tagging sequence. AJNR 15:45–49, 1994
Moore CC, Reeder SB, McVeith ER: Tagged MR imaging in deforming phantom: Photographic validation. Radiology 190:765–769, 1994
Coffey RJ, Nichols DA, Shaw EG: Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Mayo Clin Proc 70:214–222, 1995
Sadler LR, Jungreis CA, Lunsford LD, Trapanotto MM: Angiographic technique to precede gamma knife radiosurgery for intracranial arteriovenous malformations. AJNR 11:1157–1161, 1990
Siddon RL, Barth NH: Stereotaxic localisation of intracranial targets. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13:1241–1246, 1987
Boone JM, Seibert JA, Barrett WA, Blood EA: Analysis and correction of imperfections in the image intensifier-TV-digitizer imaging chain. Med Phys 18:236–242, 1991
Chakraborty DP: Image intensifier distortion correction. Med Phys 14:249–252, 1987
Haaker P, Klotz E, Koppe R, Linde R: Real-time distortion correction of digital X-ray II/TV-systems: An application example for digital flashing tomosynthesis (DFTS). Int J Cardiac Imag 6:39–45, 1991
Takahashi M, Yoshioka S, Bussaka H: Digital TV tomography: Description and physical assessment. Med Phys 17:681–685, 1990
Wenstrup RS, Sweeney KP, Scholz FJ: Digital subtraction angiography system evaluation with phantoms. Radiology 155:805–809, 1985
Pietka E, Huang HK: Correction of aberration in image-intensifier systems. Comput Med Imag Graph 16:253–258, 1992
Ehricke HH, Schad LR, Gademann G, Wowra B, Engehart R, Lorenz WJ: Use of MR angiography for stereotactic planning. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:35–40, 1992
Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Kanal E, Talagala, L: Stereotactic magnetic resonance angiography for targeting in arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 35:585–591, 1994
Phillips MH, Kessler M, Chuang FYS, Frankel KAL, Levy RP: Image correlation of MRI and CT in treatment planning for radiosurgery of intracranial vascular malformations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 20:881–889, 1991
Schad LR, Ehricke HH, Wowra B, Layer G, Engenhart R, Kauczor HU, Zabel HJ, Brix G, Lorenz WJ: Correction of spatial distortion in magnetic resonance angiography for radiosurgical treatment planning of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Magn Reson Imag 10:609–621, 1992
Schad LR, Blüml S, Debus J, Scharf J, Lorenz WJ: Improved target volume definition for precision radiotherapy planning of meningiomas by correlation of CT and dynamic, Gd-DTPA-enhanced FLASH MR imaging. Radiother Oncol 33:73–79, 1994
Zamorano L, Bauer-Kirpes B, Dujovny M, Malik G, Ausman J: Application of multimodality imaging stereotactic localization in the surgical management of vascular lesions. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 52:67–68, 1991
Breiman RS, Beck JW, Korobkin M, Glenny R, Akwari OE, Heaston DK Moore AV, Ram, PC: Volume determinations using computed tomography. Am J Roentgenol 138:329–333, 1982
Chang SK, Wang YR: Three-dimensional object reconstruction from orthogonal projections. Pattern Recognition 7:167–176, 1975
Bova FJ, Friedman WA: Stereotaxic angiography: An inadequate database for radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 20:891–895, 1991
Du YP, Parker DL, Davis WL: Vessel enhancement filtering in three-dimensional MR angiography. JMRI 5:353–359, 1995
Alyassin AM, Lancaster JL, Downs JH: Evaluation of new algorithms for the interactive measurement of surface area and volume. Med Phys 21:741–752, 1994
Gehring MA, Mackie TR, Kubsad SS, Paliwal BR, Mehta MP, Kinsella TJ: A three-dimensional volume visualization package applied to stereotactic radiosurgery treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21:491–500, 1991
Heilbrun MP, Koehler S, MacDonald P, Siemionow V, Peters W: Preliminary experience using an optimized three-point transformation algorithm for spatial registration of coordinate systems: A method of noninvasive localization using frame-based stereotactic guidance systems. J Neurosurg 81:676–682, 1994
Henri CJ, Collins DL, Peters TM: Multimodality image integration for stereotactic surgical planning. Med Phys 18:167–177, 1991
Hill DL, Hawkes DJ, Hussain Z, Green SE, Ruff CF, Robinson GP: Accurate combination of CT and MR data of the head: Validation and applications in surgical and therapy planning. Comput Med Imag Graph 17:357–363, 1993
Kikuchi K, Kowada M, Ogayama H, Sasanuma J, Watanabe K: Automated anatomical localization of small intracranial lesions with PACS-based image processing. X Meeting of the World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. Maebashi, Japan, 1989
Kooy HM, Nedzi LA, Loeffler JS, Alexander E, Cheng CW, Mannarino EG, Holupka EJ, Siddon RL: Treatment planning for stereotactic radiosurgery of intra-cranial lesions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21:683–693, 1991
Peters TM, Clarck JA, Olivier A, Marchand EP, Mawko G, Dieumegarde M, Muresan LV, Ethier R: Integrated stereotaxic imaging with CT, MR imaging and digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 161:821–826, 1986
Peters TM, Henri CJ, Munger P, Takahashi AM, Evans AC, Davey B, Olivier A: Integration of stereoscopic DSA and 3D MRI for image-guided neurosurgery. Comput Med Imag Graph 18:289–299, 1994
Peters T, Davey B, Munger P, Comeau R, Evans A, Olivier A: Three-dimensional multimodal image-guidance for neurosurgery. IEEE Trans Med Imag 15:121–128, 1996
Villa AEP, Bruchez M, Simm GM, Jeandrevin S: A computeraided three-dimensional reconstruction of brain structures using high level computer graphics. Int J Bio-Med Comput 20:289–302, 1987
Jani AB, Sychra JJ: MR image classification algorithms for neurosurgical and stereotactic radiosurgical trajectory planning and volumetric analysis. Neurol Res 17:17–23, 1995
Cohen DS, Lustgarten JH, Miller E, Khandji AG, Goodman RR: Effects of coregistration of MR to CT images on MR stereotactic accuracy. J Neurosurg 82:772–779, 1995
Fitchard EF, Narayana PA: Two-dimensional registration of magnetic resonance brain images. Med Phys 21:1333–13, 1994
Giorgi C: Intraoperative fusion of field images with CT/MRI data by means of a stereotactic mechanical arm. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 37:53–55, 1994
Kooy HM, van Herk M, Barnes PD, Alexander E, Dunbar SF, Tarbell NJ, Mulkern RV, Holupka EJ, Loeffler JS: Image fusion for stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 28:1229–1234, 1994
Schad LR, Boesecke R, Schlegel W, Hartmann GH, Sturm V, Strauss LG, Lorenz WJ: Three dimensional image correlation of CT, MR, and PET studies in radiotherapy treatment planning of brain tumors. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:948–954, 1987
Van den Elsen PA, Maintz JB, Pol EJD, Viergever M: Automatic registration of CT and MR brain images using correlation of geometrical features. IEEE Trans Med Imag 14:384–396, 1995
Alexander E, Kooy HM, van Herk M, Schwartz M, Barnes PD, Tarbell N, Mulkern RV, Holupka EJ, Loeffler JS: Magnetic resonance image-directed stereotactic neurosurgery: Use of image fusion with computerized tomography to enhance spatial accuracy. J Neurosurg 83:271–276, 1995
Collins DL, Neelin P, Peters TM, Evans AC: Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space. J Comput Assist Tomogr 18:192–205, 1994
Davatzikos C: Spatial normalization of 3D brain images using deformable models. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:656–665, 1996
Favre J: Digitized stereotactic atlas for personal computer. X Meeting of the World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. Maebashi, Japan, 1989
Gee JC, Reivich M, Bajcsy R: Elastically deforming 3D atlas to match anatomical brain images. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17:225–236, 1993
Goodman JH, Watkins ES, Davis JR, Mullin BB: Micromputer stereotactic atlas. Appl Neurophysiol 50:49–52, 1987
Greitz T, Bohm C, Holte S, Eriksson L: A computerized brain atlas: Construction, anatomical content, and some applications. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:26–38, 1991
Lemieux L: Voxel-based localization in frame-based and frameless stereotaxy and its accuracy. Med Phys 21:1301–1310, 1994
Niemann K, Naujokat C, Pohl G, Woliner C, von Keyserlingk, D: Verification of the Schaltenbrand and Wahren stereotactic atlas. Acta Neurochir 129:72–81, 1994
Yoshida M: Creation of a three-dimensional atlas by interpolation from Schatelbrand-Bailey's atlas. Appl Neurophysiol 50:45–48, 1987
Shabalov VA, Kazarnovskaya MI, Borodkin SM, Kadin AL, Krivosheina VY, Golanov AV: Functional neurosurgery using 3-D computer stereotactic atlas. Acta Neurochir 58(suppl):65–67, 1993
Steinmetz H, Fürst G, Freund HJ: Cerebral cortical localization: Application and validation of the proportional grid system in MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:10–19, 1989
Vanier M, Lecours AR, Ethier R, Habib M, Poncet M, Milette PC, Salamon G: Proportional localization system for anatomical interpretation of cerebral computed tomograms. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:715–724, 1985
Vanier M, Ethier R, Clark J, Peters TM, Olivier A, Melanson D: Anatomical interpretation of MR scans of the brain. Magn Reson Med 4:185–188, 1987
Villemure JG, Marchand E, Peters T, Leroux G, Olivier A: Magnetic resonance imaging stereotaxy: Recognition and utilization of the commissures. Appl Neurophysiol 50:57–62, 1987
Bale RJ, Vogele M, Freysinger W, Gunkel AR, Martin A, Bumm K, Thumfart WF: Minimally invasive head holder to improve the performance of frameless stereotactic surgery. Laryngoscope 107:373–377, 1997
Doshi PK, Lemmieux L, Fish DR, Shorvon SD, Harkness WH. Thomas DG: Frameless stereotaxy and interactive neurosurgery with the ISG viewing wand. Acta Neurochir Suppl 64: 49–53, 1995
Grimson WEL, Ettinger GJ, White SJ, Lozano-Pérez T, Wells WM, Kikinis R: An automatic registration method for frameless stereotaxy, image guided surgery, and enhanced reality visualization. IEEE Trans Med Imag 15:129–140, 1996
Hill DL, Hawkes DJ, Gleeson MJ, Cox TC, Strong AJ, Wong WL, Ruff CF, Kitchen ND, Thomas DG, Sofat A: Accurate frameless registration of MR and CT images of the head: Applications in planning surgery and radiation therapy. Radiology 191:447–454, 1994
Zinreich SJ, Tebo SA, Long DM, Brem H, Mattox DE, Loury ME, Kolk CAV, Koch WM, Kennedy DW, Bryan N: Frameless stereotaxic integration of CT imaging data: Accuracy and initial applications. Radiology 188:735–742, 1993
Schwartz ML, Ramani R, O'Brien PF, Young CS, Davey P, Hudoba P: Frameless stereotaxy for radiosurgical planning and follow-up. Acta Neurochir Suppl 63:52–56, 1995
Rousseau J, Gibon D, Sarrazin T, Blond S, Pruvo JP, Marchandise X: Sécurités et contrôles de qualité en neurochirurgie et radiochirurgie stéréotaxiques. RBM 15:412–416, 1993
Kuhn MH, Jablonowski M, Gieles P, Fuchs M, Wischmann HA: A unifying framework for accuracy analysis in image-guided surgery. Proceedings, 18th Annual International Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1996
Phatak MG, Frank SJ, Horowitz AL, Iwanik DO, Chandrasekhar H: Reversal of tumor location on MR images. Radiology 175:283–284, 1990
Verbeeck Rudi, Michiels Johan, Nuttin Bart, Knauth Michael, Vandermeulen, Dirk, Suetens, Paul: Protocol for the clinical functionality assessment of a workstation for stereotactic neurosurgery. IEEE Trans Med Imag 14:577–586, 1995
Piovan E, Zampieri PG, Alessandrini F, Gerosa MA, Nicolato A, Pasoli A, Foroni R, Giri MG, Bricolo A, Benati A: Quality assessment of magnetic resonance stereotactic localization for gamma knife radiosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 64(suppl 1): 228–232, 1995
Rudin S, Bednarek DR, Wong R: Accurate characterization of image distortion. Med Phys 18:1145–1151, 1991
Ten Haken RK, Thornton AF, Sandler HM, La Vigne ML, Quint DJ, Fraass BA, Kessler ML, McShan DL: A quantitative assessment of the addition of MRI to CT-based, 3-D treatment planning of brain tumors. Radiother Oncol 92:121–133, 1992
Rousseau J, Clarysse P, Blond S, Gibon D, Vasseur C, Marchandise X: Validation of a new method for stereotactic localization using MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:291–296, 1991
Clarysse P, Gibon D, Rousseau J, Blond S, Vasseur C, Marchandise X: A computer-assisted system for localisation in stereotaxic MRI. IEEE Trans Med Imag 10:523–529, 1991
Rousseau J, Clarysse P, Gibon D Blond S, Bradaï N, Marchandise X: A frameless method for 3D MRI and CT-guided stereotaxic localisation. Eur Radiol 2:35–41, 1992
Coste E, Rousseau J, Gibon D, Deleume JF, Blond S, Marchandise X: Frameless method of stereotaxic localization with DSA. Radiology 189:829–834, 1993
Coste E, Vasseur C, Rousseau J: 3D reconstruction of cerebral blood vessels with DSA. Med Phys, accepted for publication, September 1999; in press.
Coste E, Gibon D, Rousseau J: Assessment of image intensifier and distortion for DSA localization studies. Br J Radiol 70:70–73, 1997
Gerdes JS, Hitchon PW, Neerangun W, Torner JC: Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging in stereotactic localization. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 63:124–129, 1994
Kondziolka D, Dempsey PK, Lunsford LD, Kestle JR, Dolan EJ, Kanal E, Tasker RR: A comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for stereotactic coordinate determination. Neurosurgery 30:402–406, 1992
Thornton AF, Sandler HM, Ten Haken RK, McShan DL, Fraass BA, La Vigne ML, Yanke, BR: The clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging in 3-dimensional treatment planning of brain neoplasms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24: 767–775, 1992
Gibon D, Clarysse P, Rousseau J, Blond S, Decool R, Marchandise, X: Station d'imagerie stéréotaxique en neurochirurgie et radiothérapie multifaiseaux. Bull Cancer Radiother 78:321–325, 1991
Gibon D, Rousseau J, Castelain B, Blond S, Vasseur C, Marchandise, X: Treatment planning optimization by conjugate gradients and simulated annealing methods in stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33:201–210, 1995
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gibon, D., Coste, E., Vial, S. et al. Stereotactic Localization in Medical Imaging: A Technical and Methodological Review. Journal of Radiosurgery 2, 167–180 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022974831284
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022974831284