Abstract
The binding properties of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are affected by various drugs acting at a second (allosteric) binding site, usually (but not always) at supratherapeutic concentrations. Allosteric drugs acting at GABA receptors present advantages over competitive drugs; this explains the interest raised by allosteric effects on muscarinic receptors. A theoretical and practicable definition of allosteric drugs acting at muscarinic receptors will be given in this work, together with a summary of recent data concerning the number, position, and structural requirements of their binding sites.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Bonner, T. I. 1989. New subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10:11–15.
Tuček, S., Jakubík, J., Doležal, V., and El Fakahany, E. E. 1998. Positive effects of allosteric modulators on the binding properties and the function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Physiol. (Paris) 92:241–243.
Poyner, D. R., Birdsall, N. J., Curtis, C., Eveleigh, P., Hulme, E. C., Pedder, E. K., and Wheatley, M. 1989. Binding and hydrodynamic properties of muscarinic receptor subtypes solubilized in 3-(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate. Mol. Pharmacol. 36:420–429.
Musílková, J. and Tuček, S. 1995. Positive allosteric action of alcuronium on solubilized cardiac muscarinic receptors. Neurochem. Int. 27:337–343.
Berrie, C. P., Birdsall, N. J., Hulme, E. C., Keen, M., and Stockton, J. M. 1984. Solubilization and characterization of guanine nucleotide-sensitive muscarinic agonist binding sites from rat myocardium. Br. J. Pharmacol. 82:853–861.
Gurevich, V. V., Pals-Rylaarsdam, R., Benovic, J. L., Hosey, M. M., and Onorato, J. J. 1997. Agonist-receptor-arrestin: An alternative ternary complex with high agonist affinity. J. Biol. Chem. 272:28849–28852.
Ellis, J., Huyler, J., and Brann, M. R. 1991. Allosteric regulation of cloned M1-M5 muscarinic receptor subtypes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42:1927–1932.
Melchiorre, C., Minarini, A., Angeli, P., Giardina, D., Gulini, U., and Quaglia, W. 1989. Polymethylene tetraamines as muscarinic receptor probes. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10:55–59.
Jakubík, J., Bačáková, L., El Fakahany, E. E., and Tučcek, S. 1995. Subtype selectivity of the positive allosteric action of alcuronium at cloned M1-M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 274:1077–1083.
Liang, J. S., Carsi-Gabrenas, J., Krajewski, J. L., McCafferty, J. M., Purkerson, S. L., Santiago, M. P., Strauss, W. L., Valentine, H. H., and Potter, L. T. 1996. Anti-muscarinic toxins from dendroaspis angusticeps. Toxicon 34:1257–1267.
Gnagey, A. L., Seidenberg, M., and Ellis, J. 1999. Site-directed mutagenesis reveals two epitopes involved in the subtype selectivity of the allosteric interactions of gallamine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 56:1245–1253.
Mohler, H., Fritschy, J. M., and Rudolph, U. 2002. A new ben-zodiazepine pharmacology. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 300:2–8.
Jakubík, J., Bačáková, L., El Fakahany, E. E., and Tuček, S. 1997. Positive cooperativity of acetylcholine and other agonists with allosteric ligands on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 52:172–179.
Lazareno, S., Gharagozloo, P., Kuonen, D., Popham, A., and Birdsall, N. J. 1998. Subtype-selective positive cooperative interactions between brucine analogues and acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors: Radioligand binding studies. Mol. Pharmacol. 53:573–589.
Doležal, V. and Tuček, S. 1998. The effects of brucine and alcuronium on the inhibition of [3H] acetylcholine release from rat striatum by muscarinic receptor agonists. Br. J. Pharmacol. 124:1213–1218.
Ehlert, F. J. 1988. Estimation of the affinities of allosteric ligands using radioligand binding and pharmacological null methods. Mol. Pharmacol. 33:187–194.
Tränkle, C., Weyand, O., Schröter, A., and Mohr, K. 1999. Using a radioalloster to test predictions of the cooperativity model for gallamine binding to the allosteric site of muscarinic acetylcholine M(2) receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 56:962–965.
Stockton, J. M., Birdsall, N. J., Burgen, A. S., and Hulme, E. C. 1983. Modification of the binding properties of muscarinic receptors by gallamine. Mol. Pharmacol. 23:551–557.
Mitchelson, F. 1975. Antimuscarinic action of an alkane-bis-ammonium compound alone and in combination with (+)-benzetimide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 33:237–246.
Proška, J. and Tuček, S. 1994. Mechanisms of steric and cooperative actions of alcuronium on cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 45:709–717.
Motulsky, H. J. and Mahan, L. C. 1984. The kinetics of competitive radioligand binding predicted by the law of mass action. Mol. Pharmacol. 25:1–9.
Waelbroeck, M. 1994. Identification of drugs competing with D-tubocurarine for an allosteric site on cardiac muscarinic receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 46:685–692.
Tuček, S. and Proška, J. 1995. Allosteric modulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16:205–212.
Lazareno, S. and Birdsall, N. 1996. Quantitation of allosteric interactions. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 17:443–444.
Jakubík, J., Bačáková, L., Lisá, V., El Fakahany, E. E., and Tuček, S. 1996. Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors via their allosteric binding sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8705–8709.
Jakubík, J., Haga, T., and Tuček, S. 1998. Effects of an agonist, allosteric modulator, and antagonist on guanosine-gamma-[35S]thiotriphosphate binding to liposomes with varying muscarinic receptor/Go protein stoichiometry. Mol. Pharmacol. 54:899–906.
Maaβ, A. and Mohr, K. 1996. Opposite effects of alcuronium on agonist and on antagonist binding to muscarinic receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 305:231–234.
Hejnovà, L., Tuček, S., and El Fakahany, E. E. 1995. Positive and negative allosteric interactions on muscarinic receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 291:427–430.
Lysiková, M., Havlas, Z., and Tuček, S. 2001. Interactions between allosteric modulators and 4-DAMP and other antagonists at muscarinic receptors: Potential significance of the distance between the N and carboxyl C atoms in the molecules of antagonists. Neurochem. Res. 26:383–394.
Zlotos, D. P., Buller, S., Tränkle, C., and Mohr, K. 2000. Bisquaternary caracurine V derivatives as allosteric modulators of ligand binding to M2 acetylcholine receptors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 10:2529–2532.
Gerstin, E. H., Jr., Luong, T., and Ehlert, F. J. 1992. Heparin, dextran and trypan blue allosterically modulate M2 muscarinic receptor binding properties and interfere with receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 263:910–917.
Wang, S. Z., Edmundson, R., Zhu, S. Z., and El Fakahany, E. E. 1996. Selective enhancement of antagonist ligand binding at muscarinic M2 receptors by heparin due to receptor uncoupling. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 296:113–118.
Lee, N. H., Hu, J., and El Fakahany, E. E. 1992. Modulation by certain conserved aspartate residues of the allosteric interaction of gallamine at the M1 muscarinic receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262:312–316.
Ellis, J. and Seidenberg, M. 2000. Site-directed mutagenesis implicates a threonine residue in TM6 in the subtype selectivities of UH-AH 37 and pirenzepine at muscarinic receptors. Pharmacology 61:62–69.
Ellis, J. and Seidenberg, M. 2000. Interactions of alcuronium, TMB-8, and other allosteric ligands with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: Studies with chimeric receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 58:1451–1460.
Krejči, A. and Tuček, S. 2001. Changes of cooperativity between N-methylscopolamine and allosteric modulators alcuronium and gallamine induced by mutations of external loops of muscarinic M(3) receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 60:761–767.
Buller, S., Zlotos, D. P., Mohr, K., and Ellis, J. 2002. Allosteric site on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: A single amino acid in transmembrane region 7 is critical to the subtype selectivities of caracurine V derivatives and alkane-bisammonium ligands. Mol. Pharmacol. 61:160–168.
Birdsall, N. J., Lazareno, S., Popham, A., and Saldanha, J. 2001. Multiple allosteric sites on muscarinic receptors. Life Sci. 68:2517-2524.
Birdsall, N. J., Burgen, A. S., Hulme, E. C., Stockton, J. M., and Zigmond, M. J. 1983. The effect of McN-A-343 on muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex and heart. Br. J. Pharmacol. 78:257–259.
Brunner, F., Waelbroeck, M., and Christophe, J. 1986. Secoverine is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist on rat heart and brain receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 127:17–25.
Lee, N. H. and El Fakahany, E. E. 1990. The allosteric binding profile of himbacine: A comparison with other cardioselective muscarinic antagonists. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 179:225–229.
Waelbroeck, M., Camus, J., Tastenoy, M., and Christophe, J. 1992. Binding properties of nine 4-diphenyl-acetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine (4-DAMP) analogues to M1, M2, M3 and putative M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105:97–102.
Ellis, J. and Seidenberg, M. 1999. Competitive and allosteric interactions of 6-chloro-5,10-dihydro-5-[(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl) acetyl]-11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine-11-one hydrochloride (UH-AH 37) at muscarinic receptors, via distinct epitopes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 57:181–186.
Lanzafame, A., Christopoulos, A., and Mitchelson, F. 2001. The allosteric interaction of otenzepad (AF-DX 116) at muscarinic M2 receptors in guinea pig atria. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 416:235–244.
Jakubík, J., El Fakahany, E. E., and Tuček, S. 2000. Evidence for a tandem two-site model of ligand binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 275:18836–18844.
Potter, L. T., Ferrendelli, C. A., Hanchett, H. E., Hollifield, M. A., and Lorenzi, M. V. 1989. Tetrahydroaminoacridine and other allosteric antagonists of hippocampal M1 muscarine receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 35:652–660.
Lazareno, S., Popham, A., and Birdsall, N. J. 2000. Allosteric interactions of staurosporine and other indolocarbazoles with N-[methyl-(3)H]scopolamine and acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor subtypes: Identification of a second allosteric site. Mol. Pharmacol. 58:194–207.
Ellis, J. and Seidenberg, M. 1989. Gallamine exerts biphasic allosteric effects at muscarinic receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 35:173–176.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Waelbroeck, M. Allosteric Drugs Acting at Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Neurochem Res 28, 419–422 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022888332221
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022888332221