Skip to main content
Log in

Inner City Youth and Drug Dealing: A Review of the Problem

  • Published:
Journal of Youth and Adolescence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Reviewed existing literature on drug dealing and inner city adolescents that underscores a serious and worsening problem. Around one in six urban adolescents have had some involvement in drug dealing, with rates even higher for African-American males over 16. For inner city teenagers, there are a range of problems associated with drug dealing, including juvenile arrest, involvement in violence (as victims and perpetrators), substance abuse, behavioral and emotional difficulties, academic failure and dropout. In terms of etiology, three influences have received the most attention: family dysfunction, economic factors, and perceptions of drug dealing that promote involvement in it. In general, there is limited recognition of the severity of the problem of drug dealing and inner city adolescents, corresponding to an almost total lack of efforts to prevent or address it. Efforts are needed at individual, family, group, school, community, and mass media levels to address this serious and escalating problem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Adler, P. A. (1985). Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Dealing and Smuggling Community. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altschuler, D. M., and Brounstein, P. J. (1991). Patterns of drug use, drug trafficking and other delinquency among inner city adolescent males in Washington, DC. Criminology, 29:589–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, M., and Ricardo, I. (1994). Drug use, drug trafficking and weapon carrying among low income African American early adolescent boys. Pediatrics 93:1065–1072.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borduin, C. M., Pruitt, J. A., and Henggeler, S. W. (1996). Family interactions in Black, lower-class families with delinquent and nondelinquent adolescent boys. J. Genet. Psychol. 147:333–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, P. J., and Ianotti, R. J. (1993). Involvement in drug sales in early adolescence: Concurrent and longitudinal analyses. Unpublished Manuscript. Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC.

  • Centers for Disease Control (1991). Students—United States, 1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41:698–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crack at retail: Experiences of three former dealers. (1988, August 2). New York Times.

  • Dembo, R., Williams, L., Wothke, W., Schmeidler, J., Getreu, A., Berry, E., Wish, E. D., and Christensen, C. (1990). The relationship between cocaine use, drug sales, and other delinquency among a cohort of high-risk youths over time. NIDA Res. Monogr. 103:112–135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dembo, R., Hughes, P., Jackson, L., and Mieczkowski, T. (1993). Crack cocaine dealing by adolescents in two public housing projects: A pilot study. Human Organ. 52:89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Despite its promise of riches, the crack trade seldom pays. (1989, November 26), New York Times.

  • Donavan, J. E., Jessor, R., and Costa, F. (1988). Syndrome of problem behavior in adolescents: a replication. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 56:762–765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durant, R. H., Pendergrast, R. A., and Cadenhead, C. (1994). Exposure to violence and victimization and fighting behavior by urban Black adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 15:311–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, D. S., and Voss, H. L. (1985). Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Sage Publications, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J., and Chin, K. (1990). Violence as regulation and social control in the distribution of crack. NIDA Res. Monogr. 103:8–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feigelman, S., Stanton, B. F., and Ricardo, I. (1993). Perceptions of drug selling and drug use among urban youths. J. Early Adolesc. 13:267–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P. W (1992). Substance abuse problems among high-risk youth and potential interventions. Crime and Delinq. 38:444–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ianni, F. A. (1974). Black Mafia: Ethnic Succession in Organized Crime. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inciardi, J. A. (1990). The crack violence connection within a population of hard-core adolescent offenders. NIDA Res. Monogr. 103:92–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B., and Logan, J. A. (1984). Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: 1. Periods of risk for initiation, continued use, and discontinuation. American J. Public Health 74:660–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., and Feigelman, S. (1994). Recent and intended drug trafficking among male and female urban African-American early adolescents. Pediatrics 93:1044–1099.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacCoun, R., and Reuter, P. (1992). Are the wages of sin $30.00/hour?: Economic aspects of street level drug dealing. Crime and Delinq. 38:477–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maryland State Department of Education. (1992). Maryland Adolescent Drug Survey. Author, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiczkowski, T. (1990). The operational studies of crack houses in Detroit. NIDA Res. Monog. 103:60–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millstein, S. G., Irwin, C. E., Adler, N. E., Cohn, L. D., Kegeles, S. M., and Dolcini, M. M. (1992). Health-risk behaviors and health concerns among young adolescents. Pediatrics 89:422–428.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Crime Institute of America (1992). Hobbling a Generation: Young African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System of America's Cities—Baltimore, Maryland. Author, Alexandria, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, M. D., Maddahian, E., and Bentler, M. M. (1986). Risk factors for drug use among adolescents: Concurrent and longitudinal analyses. Am. J. Public Health 76:525–531.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peeples, F., and Loeber, R. (1994). Do individual factors and neighborhood context explain ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency? J. Quant. Criminol. 10:141–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., MacKinnon, D. P., Flay, B. R., Hansen, W. B., Wang, E. Y., and Johnson, C. A. (1989). A multicommunity trial for primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse. JAMA 261:3259–3266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prothrow-Stith, D. (1991). Deadly Consequences: How Violence is Destroying Our Teenage Population and a Plan to Begin Solving the Problem. Harper Collins, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuter P., MacCoun, R., and Murphy P. (1990). Money from Crime: A Study of the Economics of Drug Dealing in Washington, DC. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J. E., and Jason L. A. (1990). A social stress model of substance abuse. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 58:395–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ricardo, I. (1994). Life choices of African American youths living in public housing. Pediatrics 93:1055–1059.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R., Kee, M., and Weist, M. D. (1997). Group therapy for urban teenagers at risk for criminal involvement. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Romer, D. (1994). Using mass media to reduce adolescent involvement in drug trafficking. Pediatrics 93:1073–1077.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., and Laub, J. H. (1994). Urban poverty and the family context of delinquency: A new look at structure and process in a classic study. Child Develop. 65:523–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaps, E., Bartolo, R. D., Moscowitz, J., Palley, C. S., and Churgin, S. A. (1981). A review of 127 drug abuse prevention program evaluations. J. Drug Issues 11:17–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, K. (1992). the adolescent crack dealer: A failure in the development of empathy. J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal. 20:241–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, B., and Galbraith, J. (1994). Drug trafficking among African-American early adolescents: Prevalence, consequences and associated behaviors and beliefs. Pediatrics 93:1039–1043.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S. M., Fick, A. C., Henderson, J., and Doherty, K. (1990). Tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use among black adolescents: A comparison across gender grade and school environment. J. Louis. State Med. Soc. 142:37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vankammen, W. B., and Loeber, R. (1994). Are fluctuations in delinquent activities related to the onset and offset in juvenile illegal drug use and drug dealing? J. Drug Issues 24:9–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisman, G. K. (1993). Adolescent PTSD and the developmental consequences of crack dealing. Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 63:553–561.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weist, M. D. (1997). Protective factors in childhood and adolescence. In Noshbitz, J. (ed.), Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 3 (pp. 27–34). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weist, M. D., Paskewitz, D., Jackson, C., and Jones, D. (in press). Self-reported delinquent behavior and psychosocial problems in urban teenagers: A brief report. Child Psychiat. Hum. Devel.

  • Whitehead, T. L., Peterson, J., and Kaljee, L. (1994). Socioeconomic deprivation, urban drug trafficking and low-income African-American male gender identity. Pediatrics 3:1050–1054.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams T. (1989): The Cocaine Kids. Addison-Wesley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Centers, N.L., Weist, M.D. Inner City Youth and Drug Dealing: A Review of the Problem. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 27, 395–411 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022859205145

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022859205145

Keywords

Navigation