Abstract
This survey study explored the effects of work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict on withdrawal behaviors at work (family interruptions at work, lateness to work, and absenteeism) among both members of 359 dual-earner couples. Using a systems theory framework, regression analyses revealed significant individual-level and crossover effects for both types of work-family conflict on withdrawal behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications of the study of work-family conflict crossover effects on withdrawal behaviors at work are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Adams, G. A., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 411-420.
Barling, J., MacEwen, K. E., Kelloway, E. K., & Higginbottom, S. F. (1994). Predictors and outcomes of elder-care-based interrole conflict. Psychology and Aging, 9, 391-397.
Barnett, R. C., Raudenbush S. W., Brennan, R. T., Pleck, J. H., & Marshall, N. L. (1995). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 839-850.
Blau, G. (1995). Influence of group lateness on individual lateness: A cross-level examination. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1483-1496.
Blau, G. (1998). On the aggregation of individual withdrawal behaviors into larger multiitem constructs. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 437-451. 435 L. B. HAMMER, T. N. BAUER, AND A. A. GRANDEY
Bolger, N., Delongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Wethington, E. (1989). The contagion of stress across multiple roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 175-183.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513-531.
Dalton, D. R., & Mesch, D. J. (1990). The impact of flexible scheduling on employee attendance and turnover. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 370-387.
Day, R. D. (1995). Family-systems theory. In R. D. Day, K. R. Gilbert, B. H. Settles, and W. R. Burr (Eds.) Research and theory in family science (pp. 91-101). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationships between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25, 178-199.
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of workfamily conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65-78.
Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K., & Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
Gignac, M. A. M., Kelloway, E. K., & Gottlieb, B. H. (1996). The impact of caregiving on employment: A mediational model of work-family conflict. Canadian Journal on Aging, 15, 525-542.
Goff, S. J., Mount, M. K., & Jamison, R. L. (1990). Employer supported child care, work/ family conflict, and absenteeism: A field study. Personnel Psychology, 43, 793-809.
Grandey, A. (2001). Family-friendly policies: Organizational justice perceptions of needbased allocations. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the Workplace: Applications, Vol. 2. Earlbaum-Mahwah.
Grandey, A., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model and workfamily conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 350-370.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., Granrose, C. S., Rabinowitz, S., & Beutell, N. J. (1989). Sources of work-family conflict among two-career couples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34, 133-153.
Hammer, L. B., Allen, E., & Grigsby, T. D. (1997). Work-family conflict in dual-earner couples: Within-individual and crossover effects of work and family. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 185-203.
Hanisch, K. A., Hulin, C. L., & Roznowski, M. (1998). The importance of individuals' repertoires of behaviors: the scientific appropriateness of studying multiple behaviors and general attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 463-480.
Hanson, B. G. (1995). General systems theory beginning with wholes. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis.
Hayden, L. C., Schiller, M., Dickstein, S., Seifer, R., Sameroff, A. J., Miller, I., Keitner, G., & Rasmussen, S. (1998). Levels of family assessment: I. Family, Marital, and Parent-Child Interaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 7-22.
Hepburn, C. G., & Barling, J. (1996). Eldercare responsibilities, interrole conflict, and employee absence: A daily study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 311-318.
Johns, G. (1994). How often were you absent? A review of the use of self-reported absence data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 574-591.
Johns, G. (1998). Aggregation or aggravation? The relative merits of a broad withdrawal construct. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 453-462.
Jones, F., & Fletcher, B. C. (1993). An empirical study of occupational stress transmission in working couples. Human Relations, 46, 881-903.
Judge, T. A., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D., Jr. (1994). Job and life attitudes of male executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 767-782.
Kopelman, R., Greenhaus, J. H., & Connolly, T. F. (1983). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 198-215.
Koslowsky, M., Sagie, A., Krausz, M., & Singer, D. A. (1997). Correlates of employee lateness: Some theoretical considerations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 79-88. 436 JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND PSYCHOLOGY
Kossek, E. E. (1990). Diversity in child care assistance needs: Employee problems, preferences, and work-related outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 43, 769-791.
Kossek, E. E., & Nichol, V. (1992). The effects of on-site child care on employee attitudes and performance. Personnel Psychology, 45, 485-509.
Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-family conflict, policies, and the job-life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 139-149.
MacEwan, K. E., & Barling, J. (1994). Daily consequences of work interference with family and family interference with work. Work and Stress, 8, 244-254.
Marshall, N. L., & Barnett, R. C. (1994). Family-friendly workplaces, work-family interference, and worker health. In G. P. Keita & J. J. Hurrell (Eds.), Job stress in a changing workforce: 253-264. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Milkovich, G. T., & Gomez, L. R. (1976). Day care and selected employee work behaviors. Academy of Management Journal, 19, 111-115.
Morrison, D. L., & Clements, R. (1997). The effect of one partner's job characteristics on the other partner's distress: A serendipitous, but naturalistic, experiment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 307-324.
Neal, M. B., Chapman, N. J., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., & Emlen, A. C. (1993). Balancing work and caregiving for children, adults, and elders. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400-410.
Parasuraman, S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Granrose, C. S. (1992). Role stressors, social support, and well-being among two-career couples. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 339-356.
Pierce, J. L., & Newstrom, J. W. (1983). The design of flexible work schedules and employee responses: Relationships and process. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 4, 247-262.
Rosse, G. J. (1988). Relations among lateness, absence, and turnover: Is there a progression of withdrawal? Human Relations, 41, 517-531.
Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family supportive-work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6-15.
Westman, M. (2001). Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 54, 557-591.
Westman, M., & Etzion, D. (1995). Crossover of stress, strain and resources from one spouse to another. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 169-181.
Westman, M., & Etzion, D. (1999). The crossover of strain from school principals to teachers and vice versa. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 269-278.
Westman, M., & Piotrkowski, C. S. (1999). Introduction to the special issue: Work-family research in occupational health psychology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 301-306.
Westman, M., & Vinokur, A. D. (1998). Unraveling the relationship of distress levels within couples: Common stressors, empathic reactions, or crossover via social interaction? Human Relations, 51, 137-156.
Zedeck, S. (1992). Introduction: Exploring the domain of work and family concerns. In Zedeck (Ed.) Work, families, and organizations. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.
Zedeck, S., & Mosier, K. L. (1990). Work and family and employing organization. American Psychologist, 45, 240-251.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hammer, L.B., Bauer, T.N. & Grandey, A.A. Work-Family Conflict and Work-Related Withdrawal Behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology 17, 419–436 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022820609967
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022820609967