Skip to main content
Log in

Current Debates in Action Research

  • Published:
Systemic Practice and Action Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Some of the academic debates pertaining to action research have been identified and specified in this paper. These have been traced through the history of development of alternative (action-oriented) research thinking in a number of research areas, namely, the study of human relations, social and organizational studies, educational change, policy studies, psychology, geography, and physics. A number of prevailing approaches to what is generally referred to as action research have been described in a variety of application domains to identify the present home of the current debates in action research as well as the participants in these debates. This excursion has yielded a number of insights pertaining to the problems that constitute the core of the current debates in action research. Some of the proposed solutions available in these debates have been critically examined. A number of open issues have been identified. A speculative section relates the possible futures of action research to possible ways of dealing with these open issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Apple, M. W. (1977). Ivan Illich and deschooling society: The politics of slogan systems. In Young, M., and Whitty, G. (eds.), Society, State and Schooling: Readings on the Possibilities for Radical Education, Falmer Press, Ringmer, East Sussex, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C. (1992). On Organizational Learning, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C. (1993). Education for leading-learning. Organiz. Dynam. 21(3), 5-17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C., and Schön, D. (1974). Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C., and Schön, D. (1991). Participatory action research and action science compared: A commentary. In Whyte, W. F. (ed.), Participatory Action Research, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 85-96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C., and Schön, D. (1996). Organizational Learning II: Theory, Method, and Practice, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C., Putnam, R., and McLain-Smith, D. (1985). Action Science: Concepts, Methods, and Skills for Research and Intervention, Jossey-Bass, San Fransciso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, S. H., and Sherwood, C. C. (1967). Researcher versus practitioner: Problems in social action research. Social Work 89-96.

  • Bargal, D., Gold, M., and Lewin, M. (1992). Introduction: The heritage of Kurt Lewin. J. Soc. Issues 48(2), 3-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartunek, J. M. (1983). How organization development can develop organization theory. Group Organiz. Stud. 8(3), 303-318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, Wildwood House, UK. (1985 Flamingo Edition, Fontana Paperbacks, London.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendix, R. (1963). Concepts and generalizations in comparative sociological studies. Am. Sociol. Rev. 28, 532-539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, F. H. (1955). Action research: A scientific approach? Philos. Sci. 22(1), 1-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohm, D. (1983). Wholeness and the Implicate Order, Ark Paperbacks, London. (First published in 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Capra, F. (1982). The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture, Wildwood House, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capra, F. (1997). The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter, Flamingo, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, W. (1989). Action research: Ten years on. J. Curric. Stud. 21(1), 85-90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, W., and Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge, and Action Research, Falmer Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkland, P. (1991). From framework through experience to learning: The essential nature of action research. In Nissen, H.-E., Klein, H. K., and Hirscheim, R. (eds.), Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 397-403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkland, P., and Holwell, S. (1998). Action research: Its nature and validity. Syst. Pract. Act. Res. 11, 9-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chein, I., Cook, S. W., and Harding, J. (1948). The field of action research. Am. Psychol. 3, 43-50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherns, A. B. (1972). Models for the use of research. Hum. Rel. 25(1), 25-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesler, M., and Flanders, M. (1967). Resistance to research and research utilization: The death and life of a feedback attempt. J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 3(4), 469-487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, R., and Elden, M. (1993). Features of emerging action research. Hum. Relat. 46(2), 275-298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, P. A. (1972). Action Research and Organizational Change, Harper and Row, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Industrial Productivity (1949). First Report of the Committee on Industrial Productivity, Cmd. 7665, p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, T. D., and Shadish, W. R., Jr. (1986). Program evaluation: The worldly science. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 37, 193-232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooperrider, D. L., and Srivastva, S. (1987). Appreciative inquiry in organizational life. In Woodman, R. W., and Pasmore, W. A. (eds.), Research in Organizational Change and Development, Vol. 1, Jai Press, New York, pp. 129-169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curle, A. (1949). A theoretical approach to action research. Hum. Relat. 2, 269-280.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Zeeuw, G. (1986). Social change and the design of enquiry. In Geyer, F., and van der Zouwen, J. (eds.), Sociocybernetic Paradoxes: Observation, Control and Evolution of Self-Steering Systems, Sage, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Zeeuw, G. (1992). Soft knowledge accumulation, or the rise of competence. Syst. Pract. 5, 193-214.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Zeeuw, G. (1995). Values, science and the quest for demarcation. Syst. Res. 12(1), 15-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elden, M. (1983). Democratization and participative research in developing local theory. J. Occupat. Behav. 4, 21-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, J. (1978). What is action research in schools? J. Curric. Stud. 10(4), 355-357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, J. (1991). Action Research for Educational Change, Open University Press, Milton Keynes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, F. E. (1981a). Planning for real but different world. In Emery, F. E. (ed.), Systems Thinking: Vol. 2, Penguin Books, Middlesex, UK, pp. 56-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, F. E. (ed.) (1981b). Systems Thinking: Vol. 2, Penguin Books, Middlesex, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fals Borda, O., and Rahman, M. A. (1991). Action and Knowledge, Apex Press and Intermediate Technology, New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L. (1998). Action research and the management and systems sciences. Syst. Pract. Act. Res. 11, 79-101. 〈http://www.hull.ac.uk/cfss/spar/ARMSS.html〉

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L., and Romm, N. R. A. (1996a). Emancipatory practice: Some contribution from social theory and practice. Syst. Pract. 9, 113-128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florence, P. S. (1950). Patterns of recent social research. Br. J. Sociol. 1, 221-239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, M. (1972). An introduction to the theory and practice of action research in work organizations. Hum. Relat. 25(6), 529-556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedlander, F. (1984). Book of review: Producing useful knowledge for organizations. Admin. Sci. Q. 29, 646-648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galli, G. (1997). Beziehungen zwischen Lewins wissenschaftsheoretischen Begriffen und der Psychoanalyse. Gestalt Theory 19(2), 80-89 (in German). (For an English abstract, see 〈http://rdz.stjohns,edu/~gerhard/gta/galli_e.html〉.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazda, G. M., Kipper, D. A., and Treadwell, T. W. (1997). A message from the executive editors. Int. J. Act. Methods Psychodrama Skill Train. Role Play. 50(1), 3. (More information about this journal at 〈http://www.heldref.org〉.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guba, E. G. (ed.) (1990). The Paradigm Dialogue, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaney, T. (1995). Issues in Freirean Pedagogy. 〈http://nlu.nl.edu/ace/Resources/Documents/FreireIssues.html〉

  • Heron, J. (1988). Validity in co-operative inquiry. In Reason, P. (ed.), Human Inquiry in Action: Developments in New Paradigm Research, Sage, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkinson, H. L. (1957). Action research: A critique. J. Educ. Sociol. 31(4), 137-153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hult, M., and Lennung, S. (1980). Towards a definition of action research: A note and bibliography. J. Manage. Stud. 17(2), 242-250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Illich, I. (1971). Deschooling Society, Harper and Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joosten, F. (1996). Developmental research: A developing research practice. In Boog, B., Coene, H., Keune, L., and Lammerts, R. (eds.), Theory and Practice of Action Research: With Special Reference to The Netherlands, Tilberg University Press, Tilberg, The Netherlands, pp. 73-83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsen, J. I. (1991). Action research as method: Reflections from a program for developing methods and competence. In Whyte, W. F. (ed.), Participatory Action Research, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 143-158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klabbers, J. G. H. (1986). Appearing knowledge for policy formation: Some bottle-necks. In de Zeeuw, G. (ed.), Knowledge (Dis)Appearance, Delft University Press, Delft, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landry, M. (1995). A note on the concept of “problem.” Organiz. Stud. 16(2), 315-343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I., and Musgrave, A. (eds.) (1970). Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, M. (1994). Action research and critical systems thinking: Two icons carved out of the same log? Syst. Pract. 7, 25-42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1931). The conflict between Aristotelian and Galileian modes of thought in contemporary psychology. J. Gen. Psychol. 5, 141-177. (Also in Lewin, 1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1935). A Dynamic Theory of Personality: Selected Papers (translated by D. K. Adams and K. E. Zener), McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. J. Soc. Issues 2, 34-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics II: Channels of group life, social planning, and action research. Hum. Relat. 1, 143-153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K., and Lippit, R. (1938). An experimental approach to the study of autocracy and democracy: A preliminary note. Sociometry 1, 292-300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, Y. S., and Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama, G. (1996). Application and transformation of action research in educational research and practice. Syst. Pract. 9, 85-101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, J. (1995). The History of Action Research. 〈http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/sawd/reader/rmasters.html〉

  • McCutcheon, G., and Jung, B. (1990). Alternative perspectives on action research. Theory Pract. 29(3), 144-151.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGill, I., and Beaty, L. (1992). Action Learning: A Practitioner's Guide, Kogan Page, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, M. W. (1987). Learning from experience: Lessons from policy implementation. Educ. Eval. Policy Anal. 9(2), 171-178.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNiff, J. (1988). Action Research: Principles and Practice, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • McTaggart, R. (1992). Reductionism and action research: Technology versus convivial forms of life (keynote address to the Second World Congress on Action Learning, University of Queensland, Brisbane). In Bruee, S., and Russell, A. L. (eds.), Transforming Tomorrow Today, Action Learning, Action Research and Process Management Association, Brisbane, pp. 47-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • McTaggart, R. (1993). Dilemmas in cross-cultural action research. In Colquhoun, D., and Kellehear, A. (eds.), Health Research: Political, Ethical and Methodological Issues, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 5-96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moggridge, A., and Reason, P. (1996). Human inquiry: Steps towards emancipatory practice. Syst. Pract. 9(2), 159-175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreland, R. L. (1996). Lewin's legacy for small-groups research. Syst. Pract. 9, 7-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, J. L. (1943). The concept of sociodrama: A new approach to the problem of inter-cultural relations. Sociometry 6, 434-449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, J. L. (1937a). Inter-personal therapy and the psychopathology of inter-personal relations. Sociometry 1, 9-76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, J. L. (1937a). Sociometry in relation to other social sciences. Sociometry 1, 206-219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, G. (1980). Paradigms, metaphors, and puzzle solving in organization theory. Admin. Sci. Q. 24, 605-622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, H. (1996). Grundlagen der Praxisforschung (Introduction to Praxis Research, in German), Lenbertus-Verlag, Freeiburg im Breisgau. (English abstract on the Internet at 〈http://www.schulnetz.ch/unterrichten/fachbereiche/medienseminar/introduc. htm〉.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Odden, A. R. (ed.) (1991). Education Policy Implementation, State University of New York Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parlett, M., and Hamilton, D. (1972). Evaluation as illumination: A new approach to the study of innovatory programs. Occasional Paper 9, Center for Research in the Educational Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (ed.) (1964). Max Weber: The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Free Press, New York. (Translation of Part I of Weber's original German text Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, (translators: Henderson, A. M., and Parsons, T.), first published in 1947.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (1977). Social Systems and the Evolution of Action Theory, Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (1978). Action Theory and the Human Condition, Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedler, M. (ed.) (1991). Action Learning in Practice, 2nd ed., Gower, Aldershot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, M., and Robinson, V. (1984). The origins and status of action research. J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 20(2), 113-124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitkin, H. (1972). Wittgenstein and Justice, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poggi, G. (1965). A main theme of contemporary sociological analysis: Its achievements and limitations. Br. J. Sociol. 16, 283-294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, W. F. (1966). Social research strategies in action programs. Philippine Sociol. Rev. 1, 3-18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramírez, R. (1983). Action learning: A strategic approach for organizations facing turbulent conditions. Hum. Relat. 36(8), 725-742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, R. N. (1970). Three dilemmas in action research: With special reference to the Tavistock experience. Hum. Relat. 23(6), 499-513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reason, P. (1994a). Three approaches to participative inquiry. In Denzin, N. K., and Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reason, P. (ed.) (1994b). Participaton in Human Inquiry, Sage, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reason, P. (ed.) (1988). Human Inquiry in Action: Developments in New Paradigm Research, Sage, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reason, P., and Rowan, J. (eds.) (1981). Human Inquiry: A Source Book of New Paradigm Research, Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rein, M. (1970). Social Policy: Issues of Choice and Change, Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rein, M. (1983). From Policy to Practice, Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revans, R. W. (1982). What is action learning? J. Manage. Dev. 1.

  • Revans, R. W. (1988). The Golden Jubilee of Action Learning, Manchester Action Learning Exchange, University of Manchester, Manchester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D., and Cuttance, P. (eds.) (1992). School Effectiveness: Research, Policy and Practice, Cassell, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rittel, H. W. J., and Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sci. 4, 155-169. [Also included in Emery, F. E. (ed.) (1981b), pp. 81–102.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, V. M. J. (1993). Current controversies in action research. Public Admin. Q. 17(3), 263-290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, R. A. (1972). A dissenting view on the scientific ethos. Br. J. Sociol. 23, 102-108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. (1965). The resuscitation of social change. Social Forces 44(1), 1-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, N. (1970). Whatever happened to action research? J. Soc. Issues 26(4), 3-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schön, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli, E. (1989). The Interpreted World: An Introduction to Phenomenological Psychology, Sage, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, E. T. (1996). Action Research: A Handbook for Practitioners, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Susman, G. I., and Evered, R. D. (1978). An assessment of the scientific merits of action research. Admin. Sci. Q. 23, 582-603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorsrud, E. (1977). Democracy at work: Norwegian experience with nonbureaucratic forms of organization. Appl. Behav. Sci. 13(3), 410-421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torbert, W. R. (1991). The Power of Balance: Transforming Self, Society, and Scientific Inquiry, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripp, D. (1996). Action Inquiry. 〈http://www.parnet.org/tools/tools-4/〉

  • Trist, E. (1981). The Evolution of Socio-technical Systems: A Conceptual Framework and Action Research Program, Ontario Ministry of Labour, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Kamp, M. (1996). Research on social interventions: Problems and perspectives. In Boog, B., Coene, H., Keune, L., and Lammerts, R. (eds.), Theory and Practice of Action Research: With Special Reference to The Netherlands, Tilberg University Press, Tilberg, The Netherlands, pp. 119-128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, W. (1987). Critical heuristics of social systems design. Eur. J. Operat. Res. 31, 276-283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, G. (1981). The poverty of problem solving. J. Appl. Syst. Anal. 8, 15-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warmington, A. (1980). Action research: Its methods and its implications. J. Appl. Syst. Anal. 7, 23-39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werlen, B. (1993). Society, Action and Space: An Alternative Human Geography, Routledge, London. (First published in German in 1988 as Gesellschaft, Handlung und Raum by Franz Steiner, Stuttgart.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, J. (1989). Creating a living educational theory from questions of the kind, “How do I improve by practice?” Cambr. J. Educ. 19, 1. 〈http://www2.bath.ac.uk/~edsajw/livtheory.html〉

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, W. F. (1959). Man and Organization, Irwin, Homewood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, W. F. (1989). Introduction to the Special Issue on Action Research for the Twenty-First Century: Participation, Reflection, and Practice. Am. Behav. Sci. 32(5), 502-512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, W. F. (1991a). Social Theory for Action: How Individuals and Organizations Learn to Change, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, W. F. (ed.) (1991b). Participatory Action Research, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, W. F., Greenwood, D. J., and Lazes, P. (1989). Participatory action research: Through practice to science in social research. Am. Behav. Sci. 32(5), 513-551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winch, P. (1956). Social science. Br. J. Sociol. 7, 18-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, R. (1987). Action-Research and the Nature of Social Inquiry, Avebury, Aldershot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, R. (1989). Learning from experience: Principles and Practice in Action Research, Flamer Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. (1977). Curriculum change: Limits and possibilities. In Young, M., and Whitty, G. (eds.), Society, State and Schooling: Readings on the Possibilities for Radical Education, Falmer Press, Ringmer, East Sussex, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M., and Whitty, G. (eds.) (1977). Society, State and Schooling: Readings on the Possibilities for Radical Education, Falmer Press, Ringmer, East Sussex, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuber-Skerritt, O. (ed.) (1996). New Directions in Action Research, Falmer, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zukav, G. (1979). The Dancing Wu Li Masters: An Overview of the New Physics, Rider/Hutchinson, London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. P. Dash.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dash, D.P. Current Debates in Action Research. Systemic Practice and Action Research 12, 457–492 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022465506555

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022465506555

Navigation