Abstract
This paper presents data on red squirrel road casualties recorded in the four-year period 1993–1996 within the National Trust reserve and adjacent suburban gardens of Formby, Lancashire, England. A total of 130 adults and six subadults were recorded as road traffic victims. Road casualties accounted for 65% of the recorded adult mortality (26.7% of the reserve total and 88% in the suburban habitat). Adult males were killed more frequently than females during the winter months. Road traffic deaths were highly seasonal with a clear peak in the autumn months (53.7% of all casualties). It is suggested that this may be related to seasonal variation in foraging behavior and to the abundance of natural and supplemental foods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brandl, R., Bezzel, E., Reichholf, J. and Volkl, W. (1991) Population dynamics of the red squirrel in Bavaria. Z. Saugetierkd. 56, 10–18.
Edmondson, S.E., Gateley, P.S., Rooney, P.J. and Sturgess, P.W. (1993) Plant communities and succession. In The Sand Dunes of the Sefton Coast (D. Atkinson and J. Houston, eds.), pp. 65–84. National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, Eaton Press Ltd, England.
Gurnell, J. (1991) Red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris. In The Handbook of British Mammals Third edn (G.B. Corbet and S. Harris, eds.), pp. 177–186. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, England.
Hodson, N.L., (1966) A survey of road mortality in mammals (and including data for the grass snake and common frog). J. Zool. 148, 576–579.
Hodson, N.L. and Snow, D.W. (1965) The road deaths enquiry. Bird Study 12, 90–99.
Holm, J. (1991) The ecology of red squirrels in deciduous woodland. Ph.D. Thesis, London University, England.
Illner, H. (1992) Road deaths of Westphalian owls: methodological problems, influence of road type and possible effects on population levels. In The Ecology and Conservation of European Owls (C. Galbraith, S. Percival, and I.R. Taylor, eds.), pp. 94–99. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK.
Kenward, R.E. and Tonkin, J.M. (1986) Red and grey squirrels: some behavioural and biometric differences. J. Zool. 209, 279–281.
Korhonen, H. and Nurminen, L. (1987) Traffic deaths of animals on the Kuopio Siilinjarvi highway in eastern Finland. Aquilo (Zool.) 25, 9–15.
Lampio, T. (1967) Sex ratios and the factors contributing to them in the squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris, in Finland. II. Finnish Game Res. 29, 1–69.
Magris, L., Morris, P.A. and Gurnell, J. (1997) Human impacts on red squirrel ecology on the island of Jersey. In The Conservation of Red Squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris (J. Gurnell and P.W.W. Lurz, eds.), pp. 49–60. The Peoples Trust for Endangered Species, London, England.
Mollar, H. (1983) Foods and foraging behaviour of red (Sciurus vulgaris) and grey (Sciurus carolinensis) squirrels. Mamm. Rev. 13, 81–98.
Morris, P.A. (1993) A Red Data Book for Mammals. The Mammal Society, London, England.
Shorten, M. (1954) Squirrels. Collins, London, England.
Shuttleworth, C.M. (1997a) The Impact of Woodland Management Upon the Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) Population in Ainsdale National Nature Reserve. Research Contract GL73. English Nature, Peterborough, England.
Shuttleworth, C.M. (1997b) The effect of supplemental feeding on the diet, population density and reproduction of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). In The Conservation of Red Squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris (J. Gurnell and P.W.W. Lurz, eds.), pp. 13–24. The Peoples Trust for Endangered Species, London, England.
Shuttleworth, C.M. (1999) The use of nest boxes by the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in a coniferous habitat. Mamm. Rev. 29, 61–66.
Shuttleworth, C.M. (2000) The foraging behaviour and diet of red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris receiving supplemental feeding. Wildlife Biol. 6, 149–156.
Sulkava, S. and Nyholm, E.S. (1987) Mushroom stores as winter food of the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, in northern Finland. Aquilo (Zool.) 25, 1–9.
Tittensor, A.M. (1975) Red Squirrel. Forestry Commission Record 101, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, England.
Tonkin, J.M. (1983) Activity patterns of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Mamm. Rev. 13, 99–111.
Wauters, L.A. and Casale, P. (1996) Long term scatterhoarding by Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). J. Zool. 238, 195–207.
Wauters, L.A. and Dhondt, A.A. (1987) Activity budget and foraging behaviour of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in a coniferous habitat. Z. Saugetierkd. 52, 341–353.
Wauters, L.A. and Dhondt, A.A. (1989) Variation in length and body weight of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in two different habitats. J. Zool. 217, 93–106.
Wauters, L.A., Dhondt, A.A. and Vos, R. (1990) Factors affecting mating success in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 2, 195–204.
Wauters, L.A. and Lens, L. (1995) Effects of food availability and density on red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) reproduction. Ecology 76, 2460–2469.
Whitesides, E.M., Oates, J.F., Green, S.M. and Kluberdanz, R.P. (1988) Estimating primate densities from transects in an African rain forest: a comparison of techniques. J. Anim. Ecol. 57, 345–367.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shuttleworth, C.M. Traffic related mortality in a red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) population receiving supplemental feeding. Urban Ecosystems 5, 109–118 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022387620713
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022387620713