Abstract
Recently, we have shown that for each natural number m greater than one, and each natural number k less than or equal to m, there exists a root-finding iteration function, defined as the ratio of two determinants that depend on the first m - k derivatives of the given function. For each k the corresponding matrices are upper Hessenberg matrices. Additionally, for k = 1 these matrices are Toeplitz matrices. The goal of this paper is to analyze the order of convergence of this fundamental family. Newton's method, Halley's method, and their multi-point versions are members of this family. In this paper we also derive these special cases. We prove that for fixed m, as k increases, the order of convergence decreases from m to the positive root of the characteristic polynomial of generalized Fibonacci numbers of order m. For fixed k, the order of convergence increases in m. The asymptotic error constant is also derived in terms of special determinants.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
G. Alefeld, On the convergence of Halley's Method, Amer. Math. Monthly, 88 (1981), pp. 530-536.
K. E. Atkinson, An Introduction to Numerical Analysis, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, NY, 1989.
H. Bateman, Halley's method for solving equations, Amer. Math. Monthly, 45 (1938), pp. 11-17.
G. E. Bergum, A. N. Philippou, and A. F. Hordam, Applications of Fibonacci Numbers, vol. 5, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1992.
E. Bodewig, On types of convergence and on the behavior of approximations in the neighborhood of a multiple root of an equation, Quart. Appl. Math., 7 (1949), pp. 325-333.
G. H. Brown, Jr., On Halley's variation of Newton's method, Amer. Math. Monthly, 84 (1977), pp. 726-728.
M. Davies, and B. Dawson, On the global convergence of Halley's iteration formula, Numer. Math., 24 (1975), pp. 133-135.
M. Feinberg, Fibonacci-Tribonacci, Fibonacci Quarterly, 1 (1963), pp. 71-74.
W. F. Ford, and J. A. Pennline, Accelerated convergence in Newton's method, SIAM Review, 38 (1996), pp. 658-659.
J. S. Frame, The solution of equations by continued fraction, Amer. Math. Monthly, 60 (1953), pp. 293-305.
W. Gander, On Halley's iteration method, Amer. Math. Monthly, 92 (1985), pp. 131-134.
J. Gerlach, Accelerated convergence in Newton's method, SIAM Review, 36 (1994), pp. 272-276.
G. Golub and C. Van Loan, Matrix Computations, 3rd ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1996.
E. Halley, A new, exact, and easy method of finding roots of any equations generally, and that without any previous reduction, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 18 (1694), pp. 136-145.
H. J. Hamilton, A type of variation of Newton's method, Amer. Math. Monthly, 57 (1950), pp. 517-522.
E. Hansen, and M. Patrick, A family of root finding methods, Numer. Math., 27 (1977), pp. 257-269.
P. Henrici, Applied and Computational Complex Analysis, vol. I, Wiley, New York, 1974.
A. S. Householder, The Numerical Treatment of a Single Nonlinear Equation, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
B. Kalantari, and I. Kalantari, High order iterative methods for approximating square roots, BIT, 36 (1996), pp. 395-399.
B. Kalantari, I. Kalantari, and R. Zaare-Nahandi, A basic family of iteration functions for polynomial root finding and its characterizations, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 80 (1997), pp. 209-226.
B. Kalantari, Generalization of Taylor's theorem and Newton's method via a new family of determinantal interpolation formulas, Technical Report DCS-TR 328, Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 1997.
E. P. Miles, Generalized Fibonacci numbers and associated matrices, Amer. Math. Monthly, 6 (1960), pp. 745-757.
A. M. Ostrowski, Solution of Equations and System of Equations, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1966.
V. Y. Pan, Solving a polynomial equation: some history and recent progress, SIAM Review, 39 (1997), pp. 187-220.
D. B. Popovski, A family of one-point iteration formulae for finding roots, Internat. J. Computer Math., 8 (1980), pp. 85-88.
T. R. Scavo, and J. B. Thoo, On the geometry of Halley's method, Amer. Math. Monthly, 102 (1995), pp. 417-426.
M. Shub and S. Smale, On the geometry of polynomials and a theory of cost: Part I, Ann. Scient. Ec. Norm. Sup., 18 (1985), pp. 107-142.
S. Smale, Newton's method estimates from data at one point, in The Merging of Disciplines: New Directions in Pure, Applied, and Computational Mathematics, R. E. Ewing, K. I. Gross, C. F. Martin, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986, pp. 185-196.
R. W. Snyder, One more correction formula, Amer. Math. Monthly, 62 (1955), pp. 722-725.
J. K. Stewart, Another variation of Newton's method, Amer. Math. Monthly, 58 (1951), pp. 331-334.
J. F. Traub, Iterative Methods for the Solution of Equations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1964.
J. F. Traub, A class of globally convergent iteration functions for the solution of polynomial equations, Math. Comp., 20 (1966), pp. 113-138.
H. S. Wall, A modification of Newton's method, Amer. Math. Monthly, 55 (1948), pp. 90-94.
T. J. Ypma, Historical development of Newton-Raphson method, SIAM Review, 37 (1995), pp. 531-551.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kalantari, B. On the Order of Convergence of a Determinantal Family of Root-Finding Methods. BIT Numerical Mathematics 39, 96–109 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022321325108
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022321325108