Abstract
A time–of–flight apparatus is used to detect electrons, ions, metastable particles and fluorescence photons ejected by electronic excitations from thin films condensed on surfaces. By selected examples it is shown that many aspects of electronic excitation, electronic transport, and electronically induced reactions can be conveniently studied with this instrument.
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Kassühlke, B., Romberg, H., Averkamp, P. et al. Spectroscopy of Electrons, Ions, and Metastable Particles from Cryogenic Layers with a Time–of–Flight Device. Journal of Low Temperature Physics 111, 723–731 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022278307405
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022278307405