Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Peatland restoration: A brief assessment with special reference to Sphagnum bogs

  • Published:
Wetlands Ecology and Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent literature on peatland restorationindicates as a general goal repairing orrebuilding ecosystems by restoringecosystem structure, trophic organization,biodiversity, and functions to thosecharacteristic of the type of peatland towhich the damaged ecosystem belonged, or atleast to an earlier successional stage.Attainment requires provision of anappropriate hydrological regime,manipulating surface topography, improvingmicroclimate, adding appropriate diaspores,manipulating base status where necessary,fertilizing in some cases, excludinginappropriate invaders, adaptively managingthrough at least one flood/drought cycle toensure sustainability, and monitoring on ascale of decades. Several matchingconditions favoring or opposing restorationare suggested.In the restoration of peatlands, successeshave generally been those of short-termrepair. Periods of restoration have beenmuch too short to ensure progression to, oreven well toward, a fully functionalpeatland reasonably compatible with thepristine state of similar peatlandselsewhere, although with altered surfacepatterns.Long-term monitoring ofpeatland-restoration projects is essentialfor a better understanding of how to carryout such restoration successfully.Paleoecology is suggested as anunderutilized tool in peatlandrestoration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bakker, J.P., Grootjans, A.P., Hermy, M. and Poschlod, P. 2000. How to define targets for ecological restoration? Appl. Veg. Sci. 3: 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltman, B., van den Broek, T. and Bloeman, S. 1995. Restoration of acidified rich-fen ecosystems in the Vechtplassen area: successes and failures. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J and Robertson, R.A. (eds.), Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. pp. 273–286. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belyea, L.R. and Clymo, R.S. 2001. Feedback control of the rate of peat formation. Proc. Royal Soc. London, B 268: 1315–1321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berendse, F., Rydin, H., van Breemen, N., Buttler, A., Heijmans, M., Hoosbeek, M., Lee, J., Mitchell, E., Saarnio, S., Vasander, H. and Wallen, B. 2001. C sequestration is influenced by competitive shifts among plant species in Sphagnum bogs at elevated atmospheric CO2 and N deposition. Gl. Change Biol. 7: 591–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, J.M. 1988. Studies in wetland carices of the temperate zone – an introduction. Aquat. Botany 30: 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, J.M. 1990. Life history and vegetative reproduction in Carex. Can. J. Botany 68: 1441–1448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bölscher, B. 1995. Niche requirements of birds in raised bogs: habitat attributes in relation to bog restoration. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. and Robertson, R.A. (eds.), Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. pp. 359–378. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridgham, S.D, Pastor, J., Janssens, J.A., Chapin, C. and Malterer, T.J. 1996. Multiple limiting gradients in peatlands: a call for a new paradigm. Wetlands 16: 45–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckland, P.C., Eversham, B. and Warburton, S. 2000. Peatlands, invertebrates and paleoecology: a case study from the Humberhead Levels, U.K. In: Rochefort, L. and Daigle, J.Y. (eds.), Sustaining Our Peatlands. Proc. 11th Int. Peat Congresss, Quebec City, Canada, Vol. 2. pp. 1017–1026. Canadian Society of Peat and Peatlands & International Peat Society, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bugnon, J.-L., Rochefort, L. and Price, J.S. 1997. Field experiments of Sphagnum reintroduction on a dry abandoned peatland in Eastern Canada. Wetlands 17: 513–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D.R., Rochefort, L. and Lavoie, C. (in press). Determining the immigration potential of plants colonizing disturbed environments: the case of milled peatlands, Québec. J. Appl. Ecol.

  • Clymo, R.S. 1991. Peat growth. In: Shane, L.C.K. and Cushing, E.J. (eds.), Quaternary Landscapes. pp. 76–112. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clymo, R.S. and Hayward, P.M. 1982. The ecology of Sphagnum. In: Smith, A.J.E. (ed.), Bryophyte Ecology. pp. 229–289.

  • Clymo, R.S., Turunen, J. and Tolonen, K. 1998. Carbon accumulation in peatland. Oikos 81: 368–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desrochers, A., Rochefort, L. and Savard, J.-P. 1998. Avian recolonization of eastern Canadian bogs after peat mining. Can. J. Zool. 76: 989–997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffey, E. and Mason, G. 1970. Some effects of summer floods on Woodwalton Fen in 1968/69. Entomol. Gaz. 21: 23–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggelsmann, R. 1980. Hydrological aspects of peatland utilization and conservation in northwestern Germany. In: Proc. 6th Int.Peat Congress, Duluth, Minnesota, USA. pp. 28–30. International Peat Society, Helsinki, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenfeld, J.G. 2000. Defining the limits of restoration: the need for realistic goals. Rest. Ecol. 8: 2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, C.A. and Doyle, G.J. 2001. (this issue) Rehabilitation of industrial cutaway Atlantic blanket bog in County Mayo, northwest Ireland. Wetlands Ecology and Management.

  • Ferland, C. and Rochefort, L. 1997. Restoration techniques for Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. Can. J. Botany 75: 1110–1118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, D.R. and Writght, H.E.Jr. 1990. Role of ecosystem development and climate change in bog formation in Central Sweden. Ecology 71: 450–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, P.H. 1989. Detecting biotic and hydrogeochemical processes in large peat basins with Landsat TM imagery. Remote Sens. Envir. 28: 109–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, P.H. 1992. Raised bogs in eastern North America – Regional controls for species richness and floristic assemblages. J. Ecology 80: 535–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, P.H. and Janssens, J.A. 1986. Raised bogs in eastern North America: transitions in landtroms and gross stratigraphy. Can. J. Botany 64: 395–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E. 1957. The development of peatlands. Quart. Rev. Biol. 32: 145–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E. 1991. Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecol. Appl. 1: 182–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E. 1994. The future of research in Canadian peatlands: a brief survey with particular reference to global change. Wetlands 14: 206–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E. 1995. The biogeochemistry of northern peatlands and its possible responses to global warming. In: Woodwell, G.M. and Mackenzie, F.T. (eds.), Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climate System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? pp. 169–186.

  • Gorham, E. and Janssens, J.A. 1992a. The paleorecord of geochemistry and hydrology in northern peatlands and its relation to global change. Suo 43: 117–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E. and Janssens, J.A. 1992b. Concepts of fen and bog reexamined in relation to bryophyte cover and the acidity of surface waters. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 61: 7–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E., Janssens, J.A., Wheeler, G.A. and Glaser, P.H. 1987. The natural and anthropogenic acidification of peatlands. In: Hutchinson, T.C. and Meema, K. (eds.), Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests,Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems. pp. 493–512. Springer, New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E., Brush, G.S., Graumlich, L.J., Rosenzweig, M.L. and Johnson, A.H. 2001. The value of paleoecology as an aid to monitoring ecosystems and landscapes, chiefly with reference to North America. Envir. Rev. 9: 99–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grootjans, A. and van Diggelen, R. 1995. Assessing the restoration prospects of degraded fens. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. and Robertson, R.A., (eds.), Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. pp. 73–90. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosvernier, P., Matthey, Y. and Buttler, A. 1995. Microclimate and physical properties of peat: new clues to the understanding of bog restoration processes. In:Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. and Robertson, R.A. (eds.), Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. pp. 435–450. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heathwaite, A.L. 1993. Disappearing peat – Regenerating peat? The impact of climate change on British peatlands. Geogr. J. 159: 203–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heathwaite, A.L. 1995. Problems in the hydrological management of cutover raised mires, with special reference to Thorne Moors, Yorkshire. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. and Robertson, R.A. (eds.), Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. pp. 315–329. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilbert, D.W., Roulet, N. and Moore, T. 2000. Modelling and analysis of peatlands as dynamical ecosystems. J. Ecology 88: 230–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, R.J. and Norton, D.A. 1996. Toward a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Rest. Ecol. 4: 93–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, G. 2000. Canadian peat producers adopt new policy. Peatlands Int. 1: 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssens, J.A. 1983. A quantitative method for stratigraphical analysis of bryophytes in Holocene peat. J. Ecology 71: 189–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssens, J.A., Hansen, B.C.S., Glaser, P.H. and Whitlock, C. 1992. Development of a raised-bog complex in Northern Minnesota. In: Wright, H.E., Jr., Coffin, B. and Aaseng, N. (eds.), The Patterned Peatlands of Northern Minnesota. pp. 189–221. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joosten, J.H.J. 1995. Time to regenerate: long term perspectives of raised-bog regeneration with special emphasis on paleoecological studies: In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. and Robertson, R.A. Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. pp. 379–404. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joosten, H. 2000. Peatland conservation in central and southern Europe. In: Rochefort, L. and Daigle, J.Y. (eds.), Sustaining our peatlands. Proc. 11th Int. Peat Congress, Quebec City, Canada, August 6–12, 2000. Vol. 2. pp. 1044–1049. Canadian Society of Peat and Peatlands & International Peat Society, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koerselman, W. and Verhoeven, J.T.A., 1995. Eutrophication of fen ecosystems: external and internal nutrient sources and restoration strategies. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. and Robertson, R.A., (eds.), Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. pp. 91–112. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamers, L.P.M., Farhoush, C., van Groenendael, J.M. and Roelofs, J. 1999. Calcareous groundwater raises bogs: the concept of ombrotrophy revisited. J. Ecology 87: 639–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRose, S., Price, J. and Rochefort, L. 1997. Rewetting of a cutover peatland: Hydrological assessment. Wetlands 17: 416–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavoie, C., Zimmerman, C. and Pellerin, S. 2001. Peatland restoration: A paleoecological perspective. Ecoscience 8: 247–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavoie, C., Grosvernier, P., Girard, M. and Marcoux, K. (this issue) Spontaneous revegetation of mined peatlands:a useful restoration tool? Wetlands Ecology and Management.

  • Lee, J.A., Parsons, A.N. and Baxter, R. 1993. Sphagnum species and polluted environments, past and future. Adv. Bryology 5: 297–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malterer, T., Johnson, K. and Stewart, J. (eds.) 1998. Peatland Restoration and Reclamation, Proc. 1998 Int. Peat Symposium, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.

  • Money, R.P. and Wheeler, B.D. 1999. Some critical questions concerning the restorability of damaged raised bogs. Appl. Veg. Sci. 2: 107–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, S.F., Janssens, J.A. and Gorham, E. 2000. Acidity of and the concentrations of major and minor metals in the surface of bryophyte assemblages from 20 North American bogs and fens. Can. J. Botany 78: 718–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (NRC). 1992. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkyn, L., Stoneman, R.E. and Ingram, H.A.P. (eds.) 1997. Conserving Peatlands. CAB international, Wallingford, UK. 500 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfadenhauer, J. and Klötzli, F. 1996. Restoration experiments in middle European wet terrestrial ecosystems: An overview. Vegetatio 126: 101–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prach, K., Sandor, B., Joyce, C.B., Pysek, P., van Diggelen, R. and Wiegleb, G. 2001. The role of spontaneous vegetation succession in ecosystem restoration: A perspective. Appl. Veg. Sci. 4: 111– 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, J.S. 1996. Hydrology and microclimate of a partly restored cutover bog, Quebec. Hydrol. Proc. 10: 1263–1272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, J.S, Heathwaite, A.L. and Baird, A. (this issue) Hydrological processes in abandoned and restored peatlands: An overview of management approaches. Wetlands Ecology and Management.

  • Price, J., Rochefort, L. and Quinty, F. 1998. Energy and moisture considerations on cutover peatlands: Surface microtopography, mulch cover and Sphagnum regeneration. Ecol. Eng. 10: 293– 312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, J.S. and Whitehead, G.S. 2001. Developing hydrologic thresholds for Sphagnum recolonization on an abandoned cutover bog. Wetlands 21: 32–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinty, F. and Rochefort, L. 2000. Bare peat substrate instability in peatland restoration: problems and solutions. In: Rochefort, L. and Daigle, J.Y. (eds.), Sustaining our peatlands: Proc. 11th Int. Peat Congress, Quebec City, Canada, August 6–12, 2000. Vol. 2. pp. 751–756. Canadian Society of Peat and Peatlands & International Peat Society, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, M., Dietrich, O., Koppisch, D. and Roth, S. 2000. The influence of rewetting on vegetation development and decomposition in a degraded fen. Rest. Ecol. 8: 186–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochefort, L. 2000. Sphagnum – A keystone genus in habitat restoration. The Bryologist 103: 503–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochefort, L. 2001. Restauration écologique. In: Payette, S. and Rochefort, L. (eds.), Écologie des tourbières du Québec-Labrador. pp. 449–504. Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochefort, L. and Daigle, J.Y. (eds.) 2000. Sustaining our Peatlands. Proc. 11th Int. Peat Congress, Quebec City, Canada, August 6– 12, 2000. Vol. I and II. Canadian Society of Peat and Peatlands & International Peat Society, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 1121 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochefort, L., Quinty, F., Campeau, S., Johnson, K.W. and Malterer, T.J. (this issue) North American approach to the restoration of Sphagnum dominated peatlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management.

  • Roulet, N.T. 2000. Peatlands, carbon storage, greenhouse gases, and the Kyoto Protocol: prospects and significance for Canada. Wetlands 20: 605–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santelmann, M.V. 1991. Influences on the distribution of Carex exilis: an experimental approach. Ecology 72: 2025–2037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schouten, M.G.C., Streefkerk, J.G. and van der Molen, P.C. 1992. Impact of climatic change on bog ecosystems, with special reference to sub-oceanic raised bogs. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 2: 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schouwenaars, J.M. 1988. The impact of water management upon groundwater fluctuations in a disturbed bog relict. Agric. Water Manag. 14: 439–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schouwenaars, J.M. 1993. Hydrological differences between bogs and bog-relicts and consequences for bog restoration. Hydrobiologia 265: 217–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schouwenaars, J.M. 1995. The selection of internal and external water management options for bog restoration. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. and Robertson, R.A. (eds.), Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. pp. 331–346. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D.I. 1983. Groundwater and the evolution of patterned mires, Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands, northern Minnesota. J. Ecology 71: 913–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D.I. 1988. Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbances on the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires. Envir. Manag. 12: 621–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soro, A., Sundberg, S. and Rydin, H. 1999. Species diversity, niche metrics and species associations in harvested and undisturbed bogs. J. Veg. Sci. 10: 549–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tallis, J. 1983. Changes in wetland communities. In: Gore A.J.P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the World 4A. Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor, General Studies. pp. 331–347. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomassen, H.B.M., Smolders, A.J.P., Lamers, L.P.M. and Roelofs, J.G.M. 2000. Conservation of ombrotrophic bog vegetations: The effects of high atmospheric nitrogen deposition. In: Rochefort, L. and Daigle, J.Y. (eds.), Sustaining our peatlands: Proc. 11th Int. Peat Congress, Quebec City, Canada, August 6–12, 2000. Vol. 1. pp. 253–261. Canadian Society of Peat and Peatlands & International Peat Society, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuittila, E.-S., Rita, H., Vasander, H. and Laine, J. 2000. Vegetation patterns around Eriophorum vaginatum L. tussocks in a cut-away peatland in southern Finland. Can. J. Botany 78: 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Breemen, N. 1995. How Sphagnum bogs down other plants. Trends Ecol. & Evol. 10: 270–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dam, H. and Beltman, B. 1992. Effects of climatic change on chemistry and vegetation of peatlands, with special reference to interaction with atmospheric deposition. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 2: 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasander, H., Tuittila, E.-S., Lode, E., Lundin, L., Ilomets, M., Sallantaus, T., Heikkilä, R., Pitkänen, M.-L. and Laine, J. (this issue). Status and restoration of peatlands in Northern Europe.

  • Verhoeven, J.T.A., Koerselman, W. and Meuleman, A.F.M. 1996. Nitrogen-or-phosphorus-limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation: relations with atmospheric inputs and management regimes. Trends Ecol. & Evol. 11: 494–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verry, E.S. 1984. Microtopography and water table fluctuation in a sphagnum mire. In: Proc. 7th International Peat Congress, Dublin, Eire. pp. 11–31. Irish National Peat Committee, Dublin, Ireland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddington, J.M., Rochefort, L. and Campeau, S. (this issue). Sphagnum production and decomposition in a restored cutover peatland. Wetlands Ecology & Management.

  • Walker, D.A. 1970. Direction and rate in some British post-glacial hydroseres. In: Walker D. and West, R.G. (eds.), Studies in the Vegetation History of the British Isles. pp. 117–139. Cambridge University Press, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, B.D. 2000. Ecological gradients, subdivisions and terminology of north-western European mires. J. Ecology 88: 187–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, G.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. and Robertson, R.A. (eds.), 1995. Restoration of Temperate Wetlands. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, B.D., Money, R.P., Shaw, S.C. and Meade, R. 1998. Assessing priorities and approaches to the restoration of damaged lowland bogs in northwestern Europe. In: Malterer, T., Johnson, K. and Stewart, J. (eds.), Peatland Restoration and Reclamation, Proc. 1998 Int. Peat Symposium, Duluth, Minnesota, USA, pp. 23–31.

  • Whinam, J., Hope, G.S., Clarkson, B.R., Buxton, R.P., Alspach, P.A. and Adam, P. (this issue). Sphagnum in peatlands of Australasia: Their distribution, utilisation and management. Wetlands Ecology and Management.

  • White, J.M. 1930. Re-colonization after peat-cutting. Proc. Royal Irish Acad., B 39: 453–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wichtmann, W. and Koppisch, D. 1998. Degraded fens in northeastern Germany: goals for cultivation and restoration. In: Malterer, T., Johnson, K. and Stewart, J. (eds.), Peatland Restoration and Reclamation, Proc. 1998 Int. Peat Symp., Duluth, Minnesota, USA, pp. 32–36. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wind-Mulder, H.L. and Vitt, D.H. 2000. Comparisons of water and peat chemistries of a post-harvested and undisturbed peatland with relevance to restoration. Wetlands 20: 616–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, H.E., Jr., Coffin, B. and Aaseng, N. (eds.). 1992. The Patterned Peatlands of Northern Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B. and Weller, M.W. 1989. Overview and future directions. In: Kusler, J.A. and Kentula, M.E. (eds.), Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science, Vol. 1, Regional Reviews. pp. 465–473. U.S. EPA 600/3-89/038A. Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B. 2000. Progress in wetland restoration ecology. Trends Ecol. & Evol. 15: 402–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoltai, S.C., Tarnocai, C., Mills, G.F. and Veldhuis, H. 1988. Wetlands of Subarctic Canada. In: National Wetlands Working Group. Wetlands of Canada. Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 24. pp. 55–96. Environment Canada and Polyscience Publishers, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A.

    Eville Gorham

Authors
  1. Eville Gorham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Line Rochefort
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gorham, E., Rochefort, L. Peatland restoration: A brief assessment with special reference to Sphagnum bogs. Wetlands Ecology and Management 11, 109–119 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022065723511

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022065723511

Search

Navigation