Abstract
CTT-BW includes trauma history exploration, PTSD psychoeducation, stress management, psychoeducation about dysfunctional self-talk and self-monitoring of self-talk, exposure to abuse reminders, Cognitive Therapy for Trauma-Related Guilt (E. S. Kubany & F. P. Manke, 1995), and modules on assertiveness, managing contacts with former partners, self-advocacy strategies, and avoiding revictimization. Thirty-seven ethnically diverse women were assigned to Immediate or Delayed CTT-BW. PTSD remitted in 30 of 32 women who completed CTT-BW. Gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up. CTT-BW was efficacious across ethnic backgrounds. Issues related to disseminability of CTT-BW are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott, J., Johnson, R., Koziol-McLain, J., & Lowenstein, S. R. (1995). Domestic violence against women: Incidence and prevalence in an emergency department population. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1763–1767.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association Task Force on Violence and the Family. (1996). Violence and the family: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Attkisson, C. C., & Zwick, R. (1982). The client satisfaction questionnaire: Psychometric properties and correlations with service utilizations and psychotherapy outcome. Evaluation and Program Planning, 5, 233–237.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100.
Benedict, R. (1946). The chrysanthemum and the sword: Patterns of Japanese culture. Boston: Houghlin Mifflin.
Blake, D. D., & Sonnenberg, R. T. (1998). Outcome research on behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatments for trauma survivors. In V. M. Follette, J. Ruzek, & F. Abueg (Eds.), Trauma in context (pp. 15–47). New York: Guilford Press.
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Klauminzer, G., Charney, D. S., et al. (1990). A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: The CAPS-1. Behavior Therapist, 13, 187–188.
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115–160). New York: Academic Press.
Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 626–632.
Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670–686.
Cloitre, M., Scarvalone, P., & Difede, J. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder, self-and interpersonal dysfunction among sexually retraumatized women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 437–452.
Creamer, M., & Burgess, P. (1992). Reaction to trauma: A cognitive processing model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 452–459.
Dutton, M. A. (1992). Empowering and healing the battered women: A model for assessment and intervention. New York: Springer.
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319–345.
Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2000). Guidelines for treatment of PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 539–588.
Foa, E. B., & Meadows, E. A. (1997). Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 449–480.
Foa, E. B. & Rothbaum, B. O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive–behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford Press.
Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualization of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 155–176.
Foa, E. B., Zinbarg, R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 218–238.
Harder, D. W., & Lewis, S. J. (1986). The assessment of shame and guilt. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 6, pp. 89–114).
Harder, D. W., & Zalma, A. (1990). Two promising shame and guilt scales: A construct validity comparison. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 729–745.
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Gottemoeller, M. (1999, December). Ending violence against women. (Population Reports, Series L, No. 11). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Population Information.
Hill, E. E., Kubany, E. S., & Owens, J. A. (1998). Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD. Grant awarded by the TriService Nursing Research Program, U.S. Department of Defense.
Houskamp, B. M., & Foy, D. W. (1991). The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 367–375.
Humphrey, J., Lee, K., Neylan, T., & Marmar, C. (1999). Trauma histories of sheltered battered women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20, 319–332.
Kazdin, A. E. (1998). Overview of research design issues in clinical psychology. In P. H. Kendall, J. N. Butcher, & G. N. Holmbeck (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology (2nd ed., pp. 3–30). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Kendall, P. C. (1999). Clinical significance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 283–284.
Kubany, E. S. (1997a). Thinking errors, faulty conclusions, and cognitive therapy for trauma related guilt. National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Quarterly, 7(1), 6–8.
Kubany, E. S. (1997b). Application of Cognitive Therapy for Trauma-Related Guilt (CT-TRG) with a Vietnam veteran troubled by multiple sources of guilt. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 3, 213–244.
Kubany, E. S. (1998). Cognitive therapy for trauma related guilt. In V. Follette, J. Ruzek, & F. Abueg (Eds.), Trauma in context (pp. 124–161). New York: Guilford Press.
Kubany, E. S., Abueg, F. R., Owens, J. A, Brennan, J. M., Kaplan, A., & Watson, S. (1995). Initial examination of a multidimensional model of guilt: Applications to combat veterans and battered women. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 17, 353–376.
Kubany, E. S., Bauer, G. B., Pangilinan, M., Muraoka, M. Y., & Enriquez, V. M. (1995). Impact of labeled anger and blame in intimate relationships: Cross-cultural extension of findings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 65–83.
Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Abueg, F. R., Brennan, J. M., Manke, F. P., & Stahura, C. (1996). Development and validation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Psychological Assessment, 8, 428–444.
Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Leisen, M. B., Owens, J. A., Kaplan, A., & Burns, K. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12, 210–224.
Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. K., & Kelly, M. (2000). Validation of the Distressing Event Questionnaire (DEQ): A brief diagnostic measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 12, 192–209.
Kubany, E. S., & Manke, F. P. (1995). Cognitive therapy for trauma-related guilt: Conceptual bases and treatment outlines. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 2, 27–61.
Kubany, E. S., Owens, J. A., & Leigh, J. (1998). The Sources of Trauma-Related Guilt Survey Partner Abuse Version (STRGS-PA). Unpublished survey.
Kubany, E. S., & Watson, E. B. (2003a). A fear–loss model of chronic PTSD that emphasizes the role of irrational beliefs and evaluative language. Manuscript in preparation.
Kubany, E. S., & Watson, E. B. (2002). Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Formerly Battered Women with PTSD (CTT-BW): Conceptual bases and treatment outlines. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 111–127.
Kubany, E. S., & Watson, E. B. (2003b). Guilt: Elaboration of a multidimensional model. The Psychological Record, 53, 51–90.
Kubany, E. S., Hill, E. E., Owens, J. A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M. A., & Tremayne, K. J. (2003). Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Larsen, D. D., Attkisson, C. C., Hargreaves, W. A., & Nyguen, T. D. (1979). Assessment of client/patient satisfaction: Development of a general scale. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2, 197–207.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Psychological trauma and the adult survivor: Theory, therapy, and transformation. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley.
Ogles, B. M., Lambert, M. J., & Masters, K. S. (1996). Assessing outcome in clinical practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Owens, J. A. (2000, November). Efficacy of cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD. In E. S. Kubany (Chair), Cognitively oriented therapies for PTSD among physically and sexually abused women. Symposium presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1983). Learned helplessness and victimization. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 103–116.
Randall, M., & Haskel, L. (1995). Sexual violence in women's lives: Findings from the Women's Safety Project, a community-based survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 6–31.
Resick, P. A. (1993, November). Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) for rape victims. Workshop conducted at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. (1992). Cognitive processing for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 748–756.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Solomon, S. D., Gerrity, E. T., & Muff, A. M. (1992). Efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 633–638.
Staats, A. W. (1972). Language behavior therapy: A derivative of social behaviorism. Behavior Therapy, 3, 165–192.
Staats, A. W. (1996). Behavior and personality: Psychological behaviorism. New York: Springer.
Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Krinsley, K. E., Haddad, W., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1992, November). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: Reliability and construct validity. Poster presented at 26th annual convention of Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E. & Owens, J.A. Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Battered Women with PTSD: Preliminary Findings. J Trauma Stress 16, 81–91 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022019629803
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022019629803