Abstract
A new model for the initial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by facultatively anaerobic and aerobic yeasts is presented. The model is based on the data that Saccharomyces sp. ZS-A1 was able to reduce the nitrogroups of TNT with the formation of 2- and 4-hydroxyaminodinitrotoluenes (2-HADNT and 4-HADNT) as the major early TNT metabolites (the molar HADNT/TNT ratio reached 0.81), whereas aminodinitrotoluenes (ADNTs) and the hydride-Meisenheimer complex of TNT (H-TNT) were the minor products. Candidasp. AN-L13 almost completely transformed TNT into H-TNT through the reduction of the aromatic ring. Candida sp. AN-L14 transformed TNT through a combination of the two mechanisms described. Aeration stimulated the production of HADNT from TNT, whereas yeast incubation under stationary conditions promoted the formation of HADNT. The transformation of TNT into HADNT led to a tenfold increase in the acute toxicity of the TNT preparation with respect to Paramecium caudatum, whereas the increase in the toxicity was about twofold in the case of the alternative attack at the aromatic ring.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Preuss, J. and Haas, R., Die Standorte der Pulver-, Sprengstoff-, Kampf-und Nebelstofferzeugung im ehemaligen Deutschen Reich, Geogr. Umschau, 1987, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 578–584.
Rosenblatt, D.H., Burrows, E.P., Mitchell, W.R., and Parmer, D.L., Organic Explosives and Related Compounds, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Hutzinger, O., Ed., Berlin: Springer, 1991, pp. 195–234.
Lachance, B., Robidoux, P.Y., Hawari, J., Ampleman, G., Thiboutot, S., and Sunahara, G.I., Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Energetic Compounds on Bacterial and Mammalian Cells In Vitro, Mutat. Res., 1999, vol. 444, no. 1, pp. 25–39.
Selivanovskaya, S.Y., Petrov, A.M., Egorova, K.V., and Naumova, R.P., Protozoan and Metazoan Communities Treating a Simulated Petrochemical Industry Wastewater in a Rotating Disc Biological Reactor, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 1997, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 511–517.
Wang, C.Y., Bhadra, R., and Hughes, J.B., Rapid Separation of Reduction Products of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Using TLC, Biotechnol. Techniques, 1997, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 519–521.
Naumov, A.V., Suvorova, E.S., Boronin, A.M., Zaripova, S.K., and Naumova, R.P., Transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene into Toxic Hydroxylamino Derivatives by Lactobacilli, Mikrobiologiya, 1999, vol. 68, no. 1, pp.-65–71.
Vorbeck, C., Lenke, H., Fischer, P., Spain, J., and Knackmuss, H.-J., Initial Reductive Reactions in Aerobic Microbial Metabolism of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 246–252.
Gancedo, C. and Serrano, R., Energy-yielding Metabolism, The Yeasts, Rose, A.H. and Harrison, J.S., Eds., London: Academic, 1989, vol. 3, pp. 206–259.
Michels, J. and Gottschalk, G., Inhibition of the Lignin Peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by Hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene, an Early Intermediate in the Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1994, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 187–194.
French, P.D., Nicklin, S., and Bruce, N.C., Aerobic Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Enterobacter cloacae PB2 and by Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 64, no. 8, pp.-2864–2868.
Pak, J.W., Knoke, K.L., Noguera, D.R., Fox, B.G., and Chambliss, G.H., Transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Purified Xenobiotic Reductase B from Pseudomonas fluorescens I-C, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 4742–4750.
Lenke, H., Achtnich, C., and Knackmuss, H.-J., Perspectives of Bioelimination of Polynitroaromatic Compounds, Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives, Spain, J., Hughes, J., and Knackmuss, H.-J., Eds., London: CRC, 2000, pp. 91–126.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zaripov, S.A., Naumov, A.V., Nikitina, E.V. et al. Alternative Pathways of the Initial Transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Yeasts. Microbiology 71, 558–562 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020558719730
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020558719730