Skip to main content
Log in

Examining the Link Between Perfectionism and Psychological Maladjustment: Social Problem Solving as a Buffer

  • Published:
Cognitive Therapy and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An integrative model in which perfectionism and social problem solving were hypothesized to have additive and interactive effects in predicting psychological maladjustment (viz., depressive symptoms and suicide ideation) was proposed and tested in a sample of 371 college students. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that social problem solving added significant incremental validity in predicting scores on measures of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation beyond what was accounted for by perfectionism. Moreover, a significant Perfectionism × Social Problem Solving interaction was found in predicting each of the maladjustment measures after accounting for the influences of both perfectionism and social problem solving. These results are taken to provide preliminary support for an additive and interactive prediction model of psychological maladjustment involving perfectionism and social problem solving.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Aiken, L., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, L., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blankstein, K. R., Flett, G. L., & Johnston, M. E. (1992). Depression, problem-solving ability, and problem solving appraisals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 749–759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blatt, S. J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50, 1003–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boergers, J., Spirito, A., & Donaldson, D. (1998). Reasons for adolescent suicide attempts: Associations with psychological functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1287–1293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonner, R. L., & Rich, A. (1988). Negative life stress, social problem-solving self-appraisal, and hopelessness: Implications for suicide research. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 549–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, E. C. (1998). Cultural differences, perfectionism, and suicidal risk: Does social problem solving still matter? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 237–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, E. C. (2000). Perfectionism as a predictor of positive and negative psychological outcomes: Examining a mediation model in younger and older adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 18–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, E. C. (2002). Perfectionism and dimensions of psychological well-being in a college student population: A further test of a mediation model. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Chang, E. C. (in press). On the perfectibility of the individual: Going beyond the dialectic of good versus evil. In E. C. Chang & L. J. Sanna (Eds.), Beyond the virtue and vice of personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Chang, E. C., & Rand, K. L. (2000). Perfectionism as a predictor of subsequent adjustment: Evidence for a specific diathesis-stress mechanism among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 129–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2001). Negative attributional style as a moderator of the link between perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Preliminary evidence for an integrative model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 490–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S. K. (2001). Life stress, problem solving, perfectionism, and depressive symptoms in Chinese. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 303–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, P. L., Range, L. M., & Goggin, W. C. (1996). The escape theory of suicide in college students: Testing a model that includes perfectionism. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 26, 181–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, W. A., Heppner, P. P., & Anderson, W. P. (1991). Problem-solving appraisal, stress, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in a college population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 51–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Halsall, J., Williams, M., & Winkworth, G. (2000). The relation between perfectionism and distress: Hassles, coping, and perceived social support as mediators and moderators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 437–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Zurilla, T. J. (1986). Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Zurilla, T. J., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (1995). Conceptual and methodological issues in social problemsolving assessment. Behavior Therapy, 26, 409–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (1990). Development and preliminary evaluation of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory (SPSI). Psychological Assessment, 2, 156–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Zurilla, T. J., Nezu, A. M., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (in press). Manual for the Social Problem-Solving Inventory–Revised. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.

  • D'Zurilla, T. J., & Sheedy,C. F. (1991). The relation between social problem-solving ability and subsequent level of psychological stress in college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 841–846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, T. R., Godshall, F., Shrout, J. R., & Witty, T. E. (1990). Problem-solving appraisal, self-reported study habits, and performance of academically at-risk college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 203–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., Solnik, M., & Van Brunschot, M. (1996). Perfectionism, social problem-solving ability, and psychological distress. Journal of Rational–Emotive and Cognitive–Behaviour Therapy, 14, 245–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haaga, D. A. F., Fine, J. A., Terrill, D. R., Stewart, B. L., & Beck, A. T. (1995). Social problemsolving deficits, dependency, and depressive symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 147–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heppner, P. P. (1988). The Problem-Solving Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heppner, P. P., Kampa, M., & Brunning, L. (1987). The relationship between problem-solving selfappraisal and indices of physical and psychological health. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 155–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1993). Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression: A test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 58–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Weber, C. (1994). Dimensions of perfectionism and suicide ideation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 439–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, J. E., Paul, B. D., Lupini, L. N., & Tatem, B. (1999). Cultural differences in perfectionism: A comparison of African American andWhite college students. Journal of College Student Development, 40, 141–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfectionism. American Psychologist, 39, 386–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt, J. J., & Spivack,G. (1975). Manual for the Means-Ends Problem-Solving Procedure (MEPS): A measure of interpersonal cognitive problem-solving skills. Philadelphia: Hahnemann Community Mental Health/Mental Retardation Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priester, M. J., & Clum, G. A. (1993). Perceived problem-solving ability as a predictor of depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in a college population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 79–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1991a). Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1991b). Psychometric characteristics of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire with college students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 289–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Slaney, R. B. (1998). Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 304–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, K. G., & Mirzadeh, S. A. (2000). Perfectionism, attachment, and adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 238–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stöber, J. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale revisited: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 481–491.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chang, E.C. Examining the Link Between Perfectionism and Psychological Maladjustment: Social Problem Solving as a Buffer. Cognitive Therapy and Research 26, 581–595 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020329625158

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020329625158

Navigation