Abstract
Temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere of a closed object were studied by the method of daily monitoring. The analysis of the results of monitoring was performed using a system with variation of body temperature (T) parameters of healthy subjects. Experimental data were obtained by the method of autothermotopometry in the state of rest (including rhythmic changes in these parameters during the morning–evening cycle) using medical thermometers. Four healthy volunteer subjects were tested. They were confined for 240 days to a simulator of the main unit of the Mir space station. Technogenic parameters of surrounding medium were ranked in accordance with a four-point scale of the degree of physiological impact (neutral–threshold–negative–significantly negative). The first stage of the two-factor analysis included the valuation of the state of the closed system medium (temperature–concentration of CO2). The second stage of the two-factor analysis included the evaluation of technogenic (i.e., attributed to surrounding medium) and physiological (i.e., attributed to human body) parameters of the system “human body–closed medium.” It was shown that, among eight parameters of thermal homeostasis (THS), a statistically significant correlation with technogenic parameters was observed for the parameter of deep body T (with CO2) and two T-gradients of human body (external longitudinal and internal radial) (with air T and CO2). According to the degree of strain of the body thermoregulation system in subjects, an increase in air T (above >23°) and a separate increase in the concentration of CO2 (above 0.4%) were found to be intermediate between threshold and negative physiological impacts. Combined application of the two factors distinctly potentiated a negative effect of surrounding medium on human body, the effect of carbon dioxide being more significant. Experimental evidence was obtained that factors of the closed environmental medium (falling within the normal range) exerted an unfavorable effect on the thermal balance of human body. This raises the problem of the revision of standards of basic physical parameters of surrounding medium in hermetic objects of various purposes.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Holdein, J. and Priestley, J.G., Dykhanie (Respiration), Marshak, M.E., Ed., Moscow: Biomedgiz, 1937.
Natochin, Yu.V., Possible Trends in the Development of Physiology, in Tendentsii razvitiya fiziologicheskikh nauk (Trends in the Development of Physiological Sciences), St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2000, p. 5.
Leach-Hunton, C.S., Grigoriev, A.I., and Natochin Yu. V. Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation in Space-Flights, Sciences and Techn. Series, Am. Astronautical Soc., 1998, vol. 94.
Malkin, V.B. and Gazenko, O.G., Approaches to Optimization of Artificial Atmosphere under Conditions of Irreversible Decrease in the Value of pO2 in Gas Medium, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 1969, vol. 184, no. 4, p. 995.
Lacota, N.G., Kovalenko, E.A., and Popkov, V.L., Analysis of Oxygen and Carbon DioxideTransport in Three Experimental Hypoxic States, in Spetsial'naya i klinicheskaya fiziologiya gipoksicheskikh sostoyanii (Special and Clinical Physiology of Hypoxic States), Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1979, vol. 1, p. 85.
Lein, H., Metabolic and Energy Requirements of Human Body in Spaceflight, in Kosmicheskaya biologiya i meditsina (Space Biology and Medicine) Joint Russian-American Edition in 5 volumes., Moscow, 1994, vol. 2, p. 239.
Baranov, V.M., Demin, E.P., Stepanov, V.A., et al., Experiment SFINCSS-99: Modeling of International Crew Flight onboard Space Station, in Model'nyi eksperiment s dlitel'noi izolyatsiei: problemy i perspektivy (Model Experiment with Long-term Isolation: Problems and Perspectives), Moscow; Slovo: 2001, p. 21.
Bavro, G.V., Koshcheev, V.S., and Makarov, V.I., Studies on Substantiation of Optimal Topography of Heat Supply to Human Body Exposed to Cold Conditions, Gig. Truds Prof. Zabolev., 1976, no. 9, p. 22.
Glushko, A.A., Biophysical Aspects of Changes in Temperature Fields and Heat Content of Human Body in Closed Medium, Trudy vsesoyuznoi konferentsii po kosmicheskoi biologii i aviakosmicheskoi meditsine (Proc. All-Union Conf. on Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine), Moscow, 1982, vol. 2, p. 196.
Valigora, J., Thermal Balance of Human Body during Spaceflight, in Kosmicheskaya biologiya i meditsina (sovmestnoe rossiisko-amerikanskoe izdanie v 5 t.) (Space Biology and Medicine (Joint Russian-American Edition in 5 vols.)), Moscow, 1994, vol. 2, p. 100
Fanger, P.O., Thermal Comfort. Analysis and Application in Environmental Engineering, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.
Baranov, V.M., Tikhonov, M.A., and Kotov, A.N. The External Respiration and Gas Exchange in Space Missions, Acta Astronautica, 1992, vol. 27, p. 45.
Lacota N.G. and Strekalov, G.M., Pharmacophysiological Effects of Etrygluton and Sydnogluton during Real and Simulated Microgravity, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Biological Basis of Individual Sensitivity to Psychotropic Drugs, Moscow, 1993, p. 107.
Lacota, N.G., Kvasova, M.M., Larina I.M., et al., Efficiency and Mechanisms of Implementation of Protective Effects Sydnocarb under Conditions of Experimental Weightlessness and Cooling, Kosmich. Biol. Aviakosmich. Med., 1990, no. 2, p. 41.
Fortney, S.M., Thermoregulation: Possible Effects of Spaceflight, SAE Techn. Pap. Series, 1991, Ser911640, p. 1.
Lacota, N.G., Polyakov, V.V., and Shashkov V.S., Gravitational Aspects of Thermoregulation and Aerobic Work Capacity, Physiologist, 1991, vol. 34, no. 1, p. 32.
Lacota, N.G., Shashkov V.S., Ostrovskaya, G.Z., and Larina, I.M., Stabilization of Heat Content in Human Body under Conditions of Treatment with Sydnogluton, Zh. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., 1993, no. 3, p. 10.
Gundel, A., Polyakov, V.V., and Zulley, J. The Alteration of Human Sleep and Circadian Rhythms During Space-flight, J. Sleep Res., 1997, vol. 6, p. 1.
Larina, I.M., and Lacota, N.G., Role of Individual Thermal and Water-Electrolyte Sensitivity under Conditions Suit Immersion, Aviakosmich. Ekol. Meditsina, 2000, no. 6, p. 16.
Lacota, N.G., Temperature Homeostasis under Physiologic Unsafe Environment, The HUBES Symposium, ESA, 1995, Ref. 4.7.
Lacota, N.G., Thermohomeostatics Parameters under Real and Simulate Microgravity, Proc.33 Int. Congress of Physiol. Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1997., P045.05.
Tepperman, J. and Tepperman, H., Fiziologiya obmena veshchestv i endokrinnyi obmen. Vvodnyi kurs (Physiology of Metabolism and Endocrine System: Introductory Course), Moscow: Mir, 1989.
Ivanov, K.P., Temperature Norm and Temperature Pathology, Mezhdunarodnye Med. Obzory, 1993, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 167.
Webb, P., Continuous Measurement of Heat Loss and Heat Production and the Hypothesis of Heat Regulation, Thermoregulation. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on the Pharmacology of Thermoregulation, New York., 1997. p. l2.
Zagryadskii, V.P., Sidorov, O.Yu., and Sulimo-Samuilo, Z.K., Dependence of Changes in Human Body Functions and Working Ability on the Rate of CO2 Concentration Increase in Hermetic Object, Vrach.-Med. Zh., 1966, no. 10, p. 58.
Azhaev, A.N., Physiological and Hygienic Aspects of High and Low Temperatures, in Problemy kosmicheskoi biologii (Problems in Space Biology), Moscow: Nauka, 1979.
Livingstone, S.D., Calculation of Mean Body Temperature, Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol, 1968, vol. 46, no. 1, p. 15.
Lacota, N.G., Nosovskii, A.M., Ivyanskii, F.M., and Ivanov, A.S., Study of Thermohomeosasis of Operators during Superlong-term Isolation by the Program SFINCSS-99, in Model'nyi eksperiment s dlitel'noi izolyatsiei: problemy i perspektivy (Model Experiment with Long-term Isolation: Problems and Perspectives), Moscow: Slovo: 2001, p. 336.
Refinetti R. Homeostasis and Circadian Rhythmicity m the Control of Body Temperature, Thermoregulation. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on the Pharmacology of Thermoregulation, New York., 1997. p. 63.
Barer, A.S., Lacota, N.G., Ostrovskaya, G.Z., and Shashkov V.S., Pharmacological Correction of Cold Impacts on Human Body, Kosmich. Biol. Aviakosmich. Med., 1988, no. 6, p. 66.
Ramzaev, P.V., On the Method of Thermometric Measurements in Hygienic Experiment, Gig. Sanit., 1960, no. 7, p. 64.
Polyakov V.V., Lacota N.G., and Gundel A. Human Thermal homeostasis onboard “Mir” and in Simulated Microgravity Studies, Acta Astronautica, 2001, vol. 14, nos. 3-10, p.137.
Hardy, J.D., and Hammel, H.T. Control System of Physiological Temperature Regulation, in Temperature. It's Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, New York, 1963, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 613.
Uimer, G., Energy Balance, in Fiziologiya cheloveka (Human Physiology), Moscow: Mir, 1968, vol. 4, p. 5.
Hokkanen, J.E.I., Thermal Role of a Blood Vessel Running through a Temperature Gradient, Thermoregulation. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on the Pharmacology of Thermoregulation, New York., 1997. p. 56.
Raynaud, J., Martineaud, J.P. Bhatnager, O.P., et al., Body Temperatures during Rest and Exercises in Residents and Sojourn in Hot Climate, L. Int. J. Biometeor., 1976, vol. 20, p. 309.
Hensel, H., Bruck, K., and Raths P., Temperature and Life, Berlin: Springer., 1973.
Hellon, R.F., Neurophysiology of Temperature Regulation: Problems and Perspectives, Fed. Proc., 1981, vol. 40, no. 14, p. 2804.
Kolchinskaya, A.Z., Dudarev, V.P., Misyura, A.G. et al., An Objective Characteristic of Hypoxic States, in Spetsial'naya i klinicheskaya fiziologiya gipoksicheskikh sostoyanii (Special and Clinical Physiology of Hypoxic States), Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1979, vol. 1, p. 16.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lacota, N.G., Vasin, Y.A., Larina, I.M. et al. Thermodynamic State of the System “Human Body–Closed Medium” during a 240-Day Isolation in a Hermetic Chamber. Human Physiology 28, 566–574 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020278818840
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020278818840