Abstract
It is shown that it is possible to draw up mass and heat energy balances only separately for each pipe: input and return. The indirect difference method is widely used at present to calculate heat consumption and hot water loss, but it does not provide reliable accounting for heat energy and mass.
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Kanev, S.N., Glukhov, A.P. Drawing up Water and Heat Accounts for Heat Supply Systems. Measurement Techniques 45, 661–666 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020199726147
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020199726147