References
Goldstein S. Heart failure therapy at the turn of the century. Heart Failure Rev2001;6:–14.
Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Middlekauf H, et al. Sudden death prevention in patients with advanced ventricular dysfunction. Circulation1993;88:295–2961.
Merit-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL randomized intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet1999;353:200–2007.
Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl J Med 1991;325:146–1475.
Dean JW, Laub MJ. Arrhythmias in heart failure: Role of mechanically induced changes in electrophysiology. Lancet 1989;130–1311.
Meredith IT, Eisenhofer G, Lambert EM, et al. Cardiac sympathetic nervous activity in congestive heart failure. Evidence for increased neuronal norepinephrine release. Circulation1993;88:13–145.
Meredith IT, Broughton A, Jennings GL, et al. Evidence of a selective increase in cardiac sympathetic activity in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med1991;325:61–624.
Cao J, Chen LS, KenKnight B, et al. Nerve sprouting and sudden cardiac death. Circ Res2000;86:81–821.
Cao J, Fishbein MC, Han JB, et al. Relationship between regional cardiac hyperinnervation and ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation2000;101:196–1969.
Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S, Litosky S, Krishnan SC, et al. Heterogeneity within the ventricular wall: Electrophysiology and pharmacology of epicardial, endocardial and M cells. Circ Res1991;69:142–1449.
Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients receiving encainide, flecainide or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Eng J Med1991;324:78–788.
Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE, et al. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. Circulation1990;82:112–1129.
Marban E. Heart failure: The electrophysiology connection. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol1999;10:142– 1428.
Gwathmet JK, Copelas L, MacKinnon R, et al. Abnormal intracellular calcium handling in myocardium from patients with end-stage heart failure. Circ Res1987;61: 7–76.
Pak PH, Nuss HB, Tunin RS, et al. Repolarization abnormalities, arrhythmias and sudden death in canine tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:57–584.
Berger RD, Kasper EK, Baughman KL, et al. Beat-to-beat QT interval variability: Novel evidence for repolarization liability in ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation1997;96:155–1565.
Beuckelmann DJ, Nabauer M, Erdmann E. Alterations of K currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circ Res1993;73:37–385.
Kaab S, Nuss HB, Chiamvimonvat N, et al. Ionic mechanisms of action potential prolongation in ventricular myocytes from dogs with pacing-induced heart failure. Circ Res1996;78:26–273.
Maltsev VA, Sabbah HN, Higgins R, et al. Novel, ultraslow inactivating sodium current in human ventricular cardiomyocytes. Circulation1998;98:254–2552.
Koumi S, Backer CL, Arentzen CE. Characterization of inwardly rectifying K+ channel in human cardiac myocytes: Alterations in channel behavior in myocytes isolated from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation1995;92:16–174.
Nabauer M, Beuckelmann DJ, Erdmann E. Characteristics of transient outward current in human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circ Res 1993;73:38–394.
Maltsev VA, Sabbah HN, Goldstein S, et al. Characterization of L-type Ca2+ current in cardiomyocytes of dogs with chronic heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol1996; 28:A162.
Sakakibara Y, Furukawa T, Singer DH, et al. Sodium current in isolated human ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol 1993;265:H130–1309.
Piot C, Lemaire S, Albat B, et al. High frequency induced upregulation of human cardiac calcium currents. Circulation1996;93:12–128.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Krishnan, S.C., Schuger, C.D. & Goldstein, S. Sudden Death in Heart Failure: Underlying Electrophysiological Mechanisms. Heart Fail Rev 7, 255–260 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020029323635
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020029323635