Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) catalyses the last step in the synthesis of the monomeric precursors of lignin. Here, we demonstrate that the vascular expression pattern conferred by the Eucalyptus gunnii EgCAD2 promoter in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba) is conserved in another perennial woody angiosperm of economic interest (Vitis vinifera L.), as well as in a model herbaceous plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Furthermore, promoter deletion analysis performed in both tobacco and poplar allowed us to identify the proximal region [−340/−124] as essential for vascular cambium/xylem-specific expression whereas the [−124/+117] region was shown to contain cis element-driving activity in phloem fibres. Interestingly, the [−340/−124] fragment contains an AC-rich cis-acting element present in numerous genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway expressed in xylem tissues, and known as a consensus Myb transcription factor binding site, suggesting that common Myb sites may provide a mechanism by which different steps of phenylpropanoid metabolism are coordinately regulated and expressed in vascular tissues. We have also shown in both tobacco and poplar that the EgCAD2 promoter is inducible by wounding and the cis-elements responsible for wounding responsiveness are located in the distal promoter region. Taken together, our data suggest that the mechanisms controlling developmental and wounding inducible expression of the EgCAD2 promoter are conserved among perennial woody and annual herbaceous plant species enabling us now to investigate in depth the transcriptional regulation of the EgCAD2 promoter in tobacco.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aloni, R. 1987. Differentiation of vascular tissues. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38: 179–204.
Aloni, R. 1993. The role of cytokinin in organized differentiation of vascular tissues. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20: 601–608.
Axelos, M., Bardet, C., Liboz, T., Le Van Thai, A., Curie, C. and Lescure, B. 1989. The gene family encoding the Arabidopsis thaliana translation elongation factor EF-1?: molecular cloning, characterization and expression. Mol. Gen. Genet. 219: 106–112.
Baumlein, H., Boerjan, W., Nagy, I., Bassuner, R., Van Montagu, M., Inzé, D. and Wobus, U. 1991. A novel seed protein gene from Vicia faba is developmentally regulated in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. Mol. Gen. Genet. 225: 459–467.
Bevan, M. 1984. Binary Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation. Nucl. Acids Res. 12: 8711–8721.
Bowles, D. 1990. Signals in the wounded plant. Nature 343: 314–315.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248–254.
Capellades, M., Torres, M.A., Bastisch, I., Stiefel, V., Vignols, F., Bruce, W.B., Peterson, D., Puigdomènech, P. and Rigau, J. 1996. The maize caffeic acid O-methyltransferase gene promoter is active in transgenic tobacco and maize plant tissues. Plant Mol. Biol. 31: 307–322.
Chen, C., Meyermans, H., Burggraeve, B., De Rycke, R.M., Inoue, K., De Vleesschauwer, V., Steenackers, M., Van Montagu, M.C., Engler, G.J. and Boerjan, W.A. 2000. Cell-specific and conditional expression of caffeoyl-coenzyme A-3-O-methyltransferase in poplar. Plant Physiol. 123: 853–867.
Coutos-Thévenot, P., Goebel-Tourand, I., Mauro, M.C., Jouanneau, J.P., Boulay, M., Deloire, A. and Guern, J. 1992. Somatic embryogenesis from grapevine cells. Improvement of embryo development by changes in culture conditions. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 29: 125–133.
Dean, C., van den Elzen, P., Tamaki, S., Dunsmuir, P. and Bedbrook, J. 1985. Differential expression of the eight genes of the petunia ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit multigene family. EMBO J. 4: 3055–3061.
Douglas, C.J. 1996. Phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin biosynthesis: from weeds to trees. Trends Plant Sci. 1: 171–178.
Facchini, P.J., Penzes-Yost, C., Samanani, N. and Kowalchuk, B. 1998. Expression patterns conferred by tyrosine/dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase promoters from opium poppy are conserved in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 118: 69–81.
Feuillet, C., Lauvergeat, V., Deswarte, C., Pilate, G., Boudet, A. and Grima-Pettenati, J. 1995. Tissue-and cell-specific expression of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase promoter in transgenic poplar plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 27: 651–667.
Fukuda, H. 1996. Xylogenesis: initiation, progression, and cell death. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 299–325.
Gray-Mitsumune, M., Molitor, E.K., Cukovic, D., Carlson, J.E. and Douglas, C.J. 1999. Developmentally regulated patterns of expression directed by poplar PAL promoters in transgenic tobacco and poplar. Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 657–669.
Grima-Pettenati, J. and Goffner, D. 1999. Lignin genetic engineering revisited. Plant Sci. 145: 51–65.
Grima-Pettenati, J., Feuillet, C., Goffner, D., Borderies, G. and Boudet, A.M. 1993. Molecular cloning and expression of a Eucalyptus gunnii cDNA clone encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Plant Mol. Biol. 21: 1085–1095.
Hahlbrock, K. and Scheel, D. 1989. Physiology and molecular biology of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 347–469.
Hawkins, S., Samaj, J., Lauvergeat, V., Boudet, A. and Grima-Pettenati, J. 1997. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase: identification of new sites of promoter activity in transgenic poplar. Plant Physiol. 113: 321–325.
Hemerly, A.S., Ferreira, P., de Almeida Engler, J., Van Montagu, M., Engler, G. and Inzé, D. 1993. cdc2a expression in Arabidopsis is linked with competence for cell division. Plant Cell 5: 1711–1723.
Hoekema, A., Hirsch, P.R., Hooykaas, P.J.J. and Schilperoort, R.A. 1983. A binary plant vector strategy based on separation of vir-and T-region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid. Nature 303: 179–180.
Hollick, J.B. and Gordon, M.P. 1993. A poplar tree proteinase inhibitor-like gene promoter is responsive to wounding in transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol. Biol. 22: 561–572.
Holsters, M. 1978. Transfection and transformation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Mol. Gen. Genet. 163: 181–187.
Horsch, R.B., Fry, J.E., Hoffmann, N.L., Eichholtz, D., Rogers, S.G. and Fraley, R.T. 1985. A simple and general method for transferring genes into plants. Science 227: 1229–1231.
Jefferson, R.A. 1987. Assaying chimeric genes in plants: the GUS gene fusion system. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5: 387–405.
Kawaoka, A., Kaothien, P., Yoshida, K., Endo, S., Yamada, K. and Ebinuma, H. 2000. Functional analysis of tobacco LIM protein Ntlim1 involved in lignin biosynthesis. Plant J. 22: 289–301.
Knight, M.E., Halpin, C. and Schuch, W. 1992. Identification and characterisation of cDNA clones encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from tobacco. Plant Mol. Biol. 19: 793–801.
Koncz, C. and Schell, J. 1986. The promoter of TL-DNA gene5 controls the tissue-specific expression of chimaeric genes carried by a novel type of agrobacterium binary vector. Mol. Gen. Genet. 204: 383–396.
Lachaud, S., Catesson, A.M. and Bonnemain, J.L. 1999. Structure and functions of the vascular cambium. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 322: 633–650.
Lacombe, E., Van Doorsselaere, J., Boerjan, W., Boudet, A.M. and Grima-Pettenati, J. 2000. Characterization of cis-elements required for vascular expression of the cinnamoyl CoA reductase gene and for protein-DNA complex formation. Plant J. 23: 663–676.
Lawton, M.A., Dean, S.M., Dron, M., Kooter, J.M., Kragh, K.M., Harrison, M.J., Yu, L., Tanguay, L., Dixon, R.A. and Lamb, C.J. 1991. Silencer region of a chalcone synthase promoter contains multiple binding sites for a factor, SBF-1, closely related to GT-1. Plant Mol. Biol. 16: 235–249.
Leple, J.C., Brasileiro, A.C.M., Michel, M.F., Delmotte, F. and Jouanin, F. 1992. Transgenic poplars: expression of chimeric genes using four different construct. Plant Cell Rep. 11: 137–141.
Lois, R. and Hahlbrock, K. 1992. Differential wound activation of members of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase gene families in various organs of parsley plants. Z. Naturforsch. [C] 47: 90–94.
Lynn, D.G. and Chang, M. 1990. Phenolic signals in cohabitation: Implications for plant development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 41: 497–526.
Martin, C. and Paz-Ares, J. 1997. MYB transcription factors in plants. Trends Genet 13: 67–73.
Mauro, M.C., Toutain, S., Walter, B., Pinck, L., Otten, L., Coutos-Thévenot, P., Deloire, A. and Barbier, P. 1995. High efficiency regeneration of grapevine plants transformed with the GFLV coat protein gene. Plant Sci. 112: 97–106.
Meyer, K., Shirley, A.M., Cusumano, J.C., Bell-Lelong, D.A. and Chapple, C. 1998. Lignin monomer composition is determined by the expression of a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase in arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 6619–6623.
Oommen, A., Dixon, R.A. and Paiva, N.L. 1994. The elicitor-inducible alfalfa isoflavone reductase promoter confers different patterns of developmental expression in homologous and heterologous transgenic plants. Plant Cell 6: 1789–1803.
Piquemal, J., Lapierre, C., Myton, K., O'Connell, A., Schuch, W., Grima-Pettenati, J. and Boudet, A.M. 1998. Down-regulation of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase induces significant changes of lignin profiles in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J. 13: 71–83.
Romero, I., Fuertes, A., Benito, M.J., Malpica, J.M., Leyva, A. and Paz-Ares, J. 1998. More than 80R2R3-MYB regulatory genes in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 14: 273–284.
Samaj, J., Hawkins, S., Lauvergeat, V., Grima-Pettenati, J. and Boudet, A. 1998. Immunolocalization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (CAD 2) indicates a good correlation with cell-specific activity of CAD 2 promoter in transgenic poplar shoots. Planta 204: 437–443.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY.
Shufflebottom, D., Edwards, K., Schuch, W. and Bevan, M. 1993. Transcription of two members of a gene family encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase leads to remarkably different cell specificities and induction patterns. Plant J. 3: 835–845.
Tamagnone, L., Merida, A., Parr, A., Mackay, S., Culianez-Macia, F.A., Roberts, K. and Martin, C. 1998. The AmMYB308 and AmMYB330 transcription factors from antirrhinum regulate phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell 10: 135–154.
Teutonico, R.A., Dudley, M.W., Orr, J.D., Lynn, D.G. and Binns, A.N. 1991. Activity and accumulation of cell division-promoting phenolics in tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiol. 97: 288–297.
Van der Mijnsbrugge, K., Van Montagu, M., Inzé, D. and Boerjan, W. 1996. Tissue-specific expression conferred by the S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana in transgenic poplar. Plant Cell Physiol. 37: 1108–1115.
Weisshaar, B. and Jenkins, G.I. 1998. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and its regulation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1: 251–257.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lauvergeat, V., Rech, P., Jauneau, A. et al. The vascular expression pattern directed by the Eucalyptus gunnii cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase EgCAD2 promoter is conserved among woody and herbaceous plant species. Plant Mol Biol 50, 497–509 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019817913604
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019817913604