Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Contact Lens Related Corneal Infections

  • Published:
Bioscience Reports

Abstract

This article describes microbial keratitis, infection of the cornea by micro-organisms. Contact lens wear is a predisposing factor for the development of microbial keratitis. Micro-organisms probably adhere to the contact lens, transfer from the contact lens to a damaged or compromised corneal epithelial surface, penetrate into the deeper layers of the cornea and produce corneal damage. Host responses to the invading micro-organisms, while designed to protect the eye, can often exacerbate the situation and the resulting microbial keratitis can lead to permanent blindness. The microbial, biochemical and immunological aspects of MK will be described in detail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Adams, C. P., Jr., Cohen, E. J., Laibson, P. R., Galentine, P., and Arentsen, J. J. (1983) Am. J. Ophthalmol. 96: 705–709.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aho, H. J., Saari, K. M., Kallajoki, M., and Navalainen, T. J. (1996) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 37: 1826–1832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfonso, A. L., Mandelbaum, S., Fox, M. J., and Forster, R. K. (1986) Am. J. Ophthalmol. 101: 429–433.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barletta, J. P. et al. (1996) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 37: 20–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, H. G., Hay, J., Kirkness, C. M., Seal, D. V., and Devonshire, P. (1998) Br. J. Ophthalmol. 82: 137–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaylock, W. K., Yue, B. Y., and Robin, J. B. (1990) CLAO J. 16: 223–227.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bukanov, N., Ravi, V. N., Miller, D., Srivastava, K., and Berg, D. E. (1994) Curr. Eye Res. 13: 783–790.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butrus, S. I. and Klotz, S. A. (1990) Curr. Eye Res. 9: 717–724.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupa, E., Swarbrick, H. A., Holden, B. A., and Sjostrand, J. (1987) Ophthalmology 94: 17–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K. H. et al. (1999) Lancet 354: 181–185.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. J., Fulton, J. C., Hoffman, C. J., Rapuano, C. J., and Laibson, P. R. (1996) Cornea 15: 566–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. J., Laibson, P. R., Arentsen, J. J., and Clemons, C. S. (1987) Ophthalmol. 94: 109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, N., Bao, S., Thakur, A., Willcox, M., and Husband, A. J. (2000) Immunol. and Cell Biol. 78: 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, N., Bao, S., Willcox, M., and Husband, A. J. (1999a) Infect. and Immun. 67: 2497–2502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, N., Bao, S., Willcox, M., and Husband, A. J. (1992b) Immunol. and Cell Biol. 77: 164–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A. D., Sagers, R. D., and Pitt, W. G. (1993a) J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27: 119–126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A. D., Sagers, R. D., and Pitt, W. G. (1993b) J. Biomat. Applic. 8: 72–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, R. L. and Constable, I. J. (1997) Br. J. Ophthalmol. 61: 250–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowell, B. A., Chen, D. Y., Frank, D. W., Vallis, A. J., and Fleiszig, S. M. (2000) Infect. and Immun. 68: 403–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowell, B. A., Willcox, M. D., Hobden, J. A., Schneider, R. P., Tout, S., and Hazlett, L. D. (1998a) Exp. Eye Res. 67: 347–356.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowell, B. A., Willcox, M. D., and Schneider, R. P. (1998b) J. of Appl. Microbiol. 84: 950–958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, O. A., Sabir, S. M., Capo, H., and Alfonso, E. C. (1993) Ophthalmol. 100: 192–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dajcs, J. J., Hume, E. B., Moreau, J. M., Caballero, A. R., Cannon, B. M., and O'Callaghan, R. J. (2000) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 41: 1432–1437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dart, J. K. (1988) Br. J. Ophthalmol. 72: 926–930.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiGaetano, M., Stern, G. A., and Zam, Z. S. (1986) Cornea 5: 155–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnenfeld, E. D., Cohen, E. J., Arentsen, J. J., Genvert, G. I., and Laibson, P. R. (1986) CLAO J. 12: 1459–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. P., Jr. Mondino, B. J., Weissman, B. A., Donzis, P. B., and Kikkawa, D. O. (1989) Am. J. Ophthalmol. 108: 113–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenbaum, J. W., Felstein, M., and Podos, S. M. (1982) Br. J. Ophthalmol. 66: 663–666.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erie, J. C., Nevitt, M. P., Hodge, D. O., and Ballard, D. J. (1993) Archive of Ophthalmol. 111: 1665–1671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. J., Frank, D. W., Finck-Barbancon, V., Wu, C., and Fleiszig, S. M. (1988) Infect. and Immun. 66: 1453–1459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleiszig, S. M. and Efron, N. (1992) Optom. and Vis. Sci. 69: 354–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleiszig, S. M., Evans, D. J., Do, N., Vallas, V., Shin, S., and Mostov, K. E. (1997a) Infect. and Immun. 65: 2861–2867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleiszig, S. M. et al. (1996a) Optom. and Vis. Sci. 73: 590–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleiszig, S. M. et al. (1997b) Infect. and Immun. 65: 579–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleiszig, S. M., Zaidi, T. S., and Pier, G. B. (1994) Advan. Exper. Med. and Biol. 350: 359–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleiszig, S. M., Zaidi, T. S., and Pier, G. B. (1995) Infect. and Immun. 63: 4072–4077.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleiszig, S. M., Zaidi, T. S., Preston, M. J., Grout, M., Evans, D. J., and Pier, G. B. (1996b) Infect. and Immun. 64: 2288–2894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galentine, P. G., Cohen, E. J., Laibson, P. R., Adams, C. P., Michaud, R., and Arentsen, J. J. (1984) Archiv. Ophthalmol. 102: 891–894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S. K., Berk, R. S., Masinick, S., and Hazlett, L. D. (1994) Infect. and Immun. 62: 4572–4579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S. K., Masinick, S., Garrett, M., and Hazlett, L. D. (1997) Infect. and Immun. 65: 2747–2753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S. K., Masinick, S. A., Hobden, J. A., Berk, R. S., and Hazlett, L. D. (1996) Exp. Eye Res. 62: 641–650.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, D. E. and Shih, K. L. (1987) Am. J. Optom. and Physiolog. Optics 64; 739–748.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, A. R., Fleiszig, S., Kang, P. J., Mostov, K., and Engel, J. N. (1998) Infect. and Immun. 66: 1413–1420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L., Rudner, X., Masinick, S., Ireland, M., and Gupta, S. (1995) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 36: 634–643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D. (1996) Trends in Microbiol. 4: 418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., Kreindler, F. B., Berk, R. S., and Barrett, R. (1990) Curr. Eye Res. 9: 129–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., Masinick, S., Berk, R. S., and Zheng, Z. (1992a) Exper. Eye Res. 55: 579–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., Masinick-McClellan, S. A., and Barrett, R. P. (1990a) Curr. Eye Res. 19: 26–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., McClellan, S., Kwon, B., and Barrett, R. (2000) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 41: 805–810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., McClellan, S. M., Hume, E. B., Dajcs, J. J., O'Callaghan, R. J., and Willcox, M. D. (1999b) Exper. Eye Res. 69: 575–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., Moon, M. M., Dawisha, S., and Berk, R. S. (1986) Curr. Eye Res 5: 343–355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., Moon, M. M., Strejc, M., and Berk, R. S. (1987) Investigat. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci 28: 1978–1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D. and Rudner, X. L. (1994) Ophthalmic Res. 26: 375–379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., Zelt, R., Cramer, C., and Berk, R. S. (1985) Ophthalmic Res. 17: 289–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett, L. D., Zucker, M., and Berk, R. S. (1992b) Ophthalmic Res. 24: 32–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobden, J. A., Masinick, S. A., Barrett, R. P., and Hazlett, L. D. (1995) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 36: 1107–1114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobden, J. A., Masinick, S. A., Barrett, R. P., and Hazlett, L. D. (1997) Infect. and Immun. 65: 2754–2758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, B. A., Sankaridurg, P., and Jalbert, I. (2000) In: Silicone Hydrogels: The Rebirth of Continuous Wear Contact Lenses (D. F. Sweeney, ed.) Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 150–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, B. A., Sweeney, D. F., Vannas, A., Nilsson, K. T., and Efron, N. (1985) Investigat. Ophthalmology and Vis. Sci 26: 1489–1501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovding, G. (1981) Acta Ophthalmologica 59: 387–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hume, E. B. and Willcox, M. D. (1997) Austral. and N. Zeal. J. Ophthalmol. 25: S39-S41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernacki, K. A., Barrett, R., and Hazlett, L. D. (1999) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 40: 3168–3176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernacki, K. A., Barrett, R. P., Hobden, J. A., and Hazlett, L. D. (2000) J. Immunol. 164, 1037–1045.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kernacki, K. A., Fridman, R., Hazlett, L. D., Lande, M. A., and Berk, R. S. (1997) Curr. Eye Res. 16: 289–297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kernacki, K. A., Hobden, J. A., Hazlett, L. D., Fridman, R., and Berk, R. S. (1995) Investig.. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 36: 1371–1378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, E., Kennah, H. E., and Brown, S. I. (1977) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 16: 488–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klotz, S. A., Au, Y. K., and Misra, R. P. (1989) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 30: 1069–1074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, B. and Hazlett, L. D. (1997) J. Immunol. 159: 6283–6290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, D. F. and Leeming, J. P. (1991) Eye 5: 70–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawin-Brussel, C. A., Refojo, M. F., Leong, F. L., and Kenyon, K. R. (1995) Cornea 14: 355–359.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leahey, A. B. and Jones, D. (1996) CLAO J. 22: 213–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leitch, E. C. and Willcox, M. D. (1988) J. Med. Microbiol. 47: 837–842.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitch, E. C. and Willcox, M. D. (1999) J. Med. Microbiol. 48: 867–871.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemp, M. A., Blackman, H. J., Wilson, L. A., and Leveille, A. S. (1984) Ophthalmol. 91: 60–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacRae, S. et al. (1991) Am. J. Ophthalmol. 111: 457–165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madigan, M. C. and Holden, B. A. (1992) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 33: 314–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madigan, M. C., Holden, B. A., and Kwok, L. S. (1987) Curr. Eye Res. 6, 1257–1260.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguen, E. et al. (1991) Ophthalmol. 98: 1685–1689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masinick, S. A., Montgomery, C. P., Montgomery, P. C., and Hazlett, L. D. (1997) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 38: 910–918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, K., Shams, N. B., Hanninen, L. A., and Kenyon, K. R. (1992) Curr. Eye Res. 11: 1105–1109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, K., Shams, N. B., Hanninen, L. A., and Kenyon, K. R. (1993) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 34: 1945–1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, M. S., Cook, W. L., Schlitzer, R. L., Ward, M. A., Wilson, L. A., and Ahearn, D. G. (1986) J. Clin. Microbiol. 24: 372–376.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, M. S., Schlitzer, R. L., Ward, M. A., Wilson, L. A., and Ahearn, D. G. (1987) J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 1398–1400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClellan, K. A., Bernard, P. J., and Billson, F. A. (1989) Austral. and N. Zeal. J. Ophthalmol. 17: 413–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondino, B. J., Weissman, B. A., Farb, M. D., and Pettit, T. H. (1986) Am. J. Ophthalmol. 102: 58–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, M. M., Hazlett, L. D., Hancock, R. E., Berk, R. S., and Barrett, R. (1988) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 29: 1277–1284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, J. M., Sloop, G. D., Engel, L. S., Hill, J. M., and O'Callaghan, R. J. (1997) Curr. Eye Res. 16: 1221–1228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowrey-McKee, M. F. et al. (1992) CLAO J. 18: 87–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, S. E. and Montan, P. G. (1994) CLAO J. 20: 97–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Callaghan, R. J. et al. (1997) Infect. and Immun. 65: 1571–1578.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Callaghan, R. J., Engel, L. S., Hobden, J. A., Callegan, M. C., Green, L. C., and Hill, J. M. (1996) Investig.. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 37: 534–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohman, D. E., Sadoff, J. C., and Iglewski, B. H. (1980) Infect. and Immun. 28: 899–908.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Leary, D. J., Madgewick, R., Wallace, J., and Ang, J. (1998) Optometry and Vis. Sci. 75: 692–696.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omerod, L. D. and Smith, R. E. (1986) Archiv. Ophthalmol. 104: 79–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panjwani, N., Zhao, Z., Raizman, M. B., and Jungalwala, F. (1996) Infect. and Immun. 64: 1819–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Parment, P. A. (1997) Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 75: 67–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrinely, J. R., Wilhelmus, K. R., Rubin, J. M., and Key, J. E. d. (1985) CLAO J. 11: 234–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poggio, E. C. and Abelson, M. (1993) CLAO J. 19: 31–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poggio, E. C. et al. (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. 321: 779–783.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, M. J. et al. (1995) Infect. and Immun. 63: 497–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, M. J., Kernacki, K. A., Berk, J. M., Hazlett, L. D. and Berk, R. S. (1992) Infect. and Immun. 60: 885–891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qu, X. D. and Lehrer, R. I. (1998) Infect. and Immun. 66: 2791–2797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, R. W., Das, N. D., and Zam, Z. S. (1982) Curr. Eye Res. 2: 289–293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, D. H., Petroll, W. M., Jester, J. V., Ho-Fan, J., and Cavanagh, H. D. (1990a) CLAO J. 25: 80–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, D. H., Petroll, W. M., Jester, J. V., Ho-Fan, J., and Cavanagh, H. D. (1999b) CLAO J. 25: 73–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, H. et al. (1997) CLAO J. 23: 63–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhem, M. N. et al. (2000) Infect. and Immun. 68: 3776–3379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudner, X. L., Kernacki, K. A., Barrett, R. P. and Hazlett, L. D. (2000) J. Immunol. 164: 6576–6582.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sankaridurg, P. R., Rao, G. N., Rao, H. N., Sweeney, D. F., and Holden, B. A. (2000) Cornea 19: 374–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schein, O. D., Buehler, P. O., Stamler, J. F., Verdier, D. D., and Katz, J. (1994) Archiv. Ophthalmol. 112: 186–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schein, O. D. et al. (1989) Cornea 8: 281–285.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schein, O. D. and Poggio, E. C. (1990) Cornea 9: S55-S58; discussion S62-S63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sechi, L. A., Pinna, A., Pusceddu, C., Fadda, G., Carta, F., and Zanetti, S. (1999) J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 3031–3033.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simcock, P. R., Butcher, J. M., Armstrong, M., Lloyd, I. C., and Tullo, A. B. (1996) Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 74: 183–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloop, G. D., Moreau, J. M., Conerly, L. L., Dajcs, J. J., and O'Callaghan, R. J. (1999) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 40: 385–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, O. D. et al. (1994) CLAO J. 20: 109–113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spurr-Michaud, S. J., Barza, M. and Gipson, I. K. (1988) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 29: 379–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton, F., Dart, J. K., and Minassian, D. (1993) CLAO J. 19: 204–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton, F., Willcox, M. D., Fleming, C. M., Hickson, S., Sweeney, D. F., and Holden, B. A. (1995) Infect. and Immun. 63: 4501–4505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton, F., Willcox, M. D., Sansey, N., and Holden, B. A. (1997) Austral. and N. Zea. J. Ophthalmol. 25: S33-S35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, G. A., Lubniewski, A., and Allen, C. (1985) Archiv. of Ophthalmol. 103; 1221–1225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steuhl, K. P., Doring, G., Henni, A., Thiel, H. J., and Botzenhart, K. (1987) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 28: 1559–1568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, D. F. et al. (1999) CLAO J. 25: 167–175.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabbara, K. F., El-Sheikh, H. F., and Aabed, B. (2000) Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84: 327–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. L., Willcox, M. D., Williams, T. J., and Verran, J. (1998) Optomet. and Vis. Sci. 75: 23–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur, A., Chauhan, A., and Willcox, M. D. (1999) Austral. and N. Zeal. J. Ophthalmol. 27: 224–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur, A. and Willcox, M. D. (2000) Exp. Eye Res. 70: 255–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twining, S. S., Kirschner, S. E., Mahnke, L. A., and Frank, D. W. (1993) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 34: 2699–2712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, B. A. and Mondino, B. J. (1990) Cornea 9: S25–27; discussion S31-S32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, B. A., Mondino, B. J., Pettit, T. H., and Hofbauer, J. D. (1984) Am. J. Ophthalmol. 97: 476–481.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelmus, K. R., Robinson, N. M., Font, R. A., Hamill, M. B., and Jones, D. B. (1988) Am. J. Ophthalmol. 106: 708–714.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willcox, M. D. and Hume, E. B. (1999) Austral. and N. Zeal. J. Ophthalmol. 27: 231–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willcox, M. D., Power, K. N., Stapleton, F., Leitch, C., Harmis, N. and Sweeney, D. F. (1997) Optomet. and Vis. Sci. 74: 1030–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T. J., Willcox, M. D., and Schneider, R. P. (1997) Austral. and N. Zeal. J. Ophthalmol. 25: S30-S32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, T. Y., Ng, T. P., Fong, K. S., and Tan, D. T. (1997) CLAO J. 23: 275–281.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, X., Gupta, S. K., and Hazlett, L. D. (1995) Curr. Eye Res. 14: 969–977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi, T. S., Fleiszig, S. M., Preston, M. J., Goldberg, J. B., and Pier, G. B. (1996) Investig. Ophthalmol. and Vis. Sci. 37: 976–986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Z. and Panjwani, N. (1995) Infect. and Immun. 63: 353–355.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Co-operative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology, and Cornea and Contact Lens Research Unit, School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

    M.D.P. Willcox & B.A. Holden

Authors
  1. M.D.P. Willcox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B.A. Holden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Willcox, M., Holden, B. Contact Lens Related Corneal Infections. Biosci Rep 21, 445–461 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017991709846

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017991709846

Search

Navigation