References
Bryan C, Howard Y, Brennan P, Black C, Silman A. Survival following the onset of scleroderma: Results from a retrospective inception cohort study of the UK patient population. Br J Rheum 1996;35:1122–1126.
Jacobsen S, Halberg P, Ullman S. Mortality and causes of death of 344 Danish patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Br J Rheum1998;37:750–755.
Bulkley BH, Ridolfi RL, Salyer WR, Hutchins GM. Myocardial lesions of progressive systemic sclerosis. A cause of cardiac dysfunction. Circulation1976;53:483–490.
Follansbee WP, Curtiss EI, Medsger TA, Steen VD, Uretsky BF, Owens GR, Rodnan GP. Physiologic abnormalities of cardiac function in progressive systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. N Engl J Med 1984;310:142–148.
Butrous GS, Dowd PM, Milne J, Dymond DS, Caplin J, Camm AJ. Non-invasive assessment of early cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis. Postgrad Med J 1985;61:679–684.
Roberts NK, Cabeen WR, Moss J, Clements PJ, Furst DE. The prevalence of conduction defects and cardiac arrhythmias in progressive systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:38–40.
Kostis JB, Seibold JR, Turkevich D, Masi AT, Grau RG, Medsger TA, Steen VD, Clements PJ, Szydlo L, D'Angelo WA. Prognostic importance of cardiac arrhythmias in systemic sclerosis. Am J Med 1988;84:1007–1015.
Singh A, Singh TP, Saxena MB. Ventricular tachycardia—an unusual presenting symptom of scleroderma. Br Heart J 1974;34:107–110.
Gallagher JJ, Anderson RW, Kasell J, Rice JR, Pritchett ELC, Gault JH, Harrison L, Wallace AG. Cryoablation of drug-resistant ventricular tachycardia in a patient with a variant of scleroderma. Circulation 1978;57:190–197.
Anvari A, Graninger W, Schneider B, Sochor H, Weber H, Schmidinger H. Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:1356–1361.
Rankin AC, Osswald S, McGovern BA, Ruskin JN, Garan H. Mechanism of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in systemic sclerosis. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:633–636.
Bulkley BH, Klacsmann PG, Hutchins GM. Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death with normal coronary arteries: A clinicopathological study of 9 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Am Heart J 1978;95:563–569.
Follansbee WP, Zerbe TR, Medsger TA. Cardiac and skeletal muscle disease in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): A high risk association. Am Heart J1993;125:194–203.
Alexander EL, Firestein GS, Weiss JL, Heuser RR, Leitl G, Wagner HN, Brinker JA, Ciuffo AA, Becker LC. Reversible cold-induced abnormalities in myocardial perfusion and function in systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med1986;105:661–668.
Lee P, Langevitz P, Alderdice CA, Aubrey M, Baer PA, Baron M, Buskila D, Dutz JP, Khostanteen I, Piper S, Ramsden M, Rosenbach TO, Susenik S, Wilkinson S, Keystone EC. Mortality in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Q J Med 1992;82:139–148.
Abu-Shakra M, Lee P. Mortality in systemic sclerosis: A comparison with the general population. J Rheumatol 1995;22:2100–2102.
Veale DJ, Collidge TA, Belch JJF. Increased prevalence of symptomatic macrovascular disease in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54: 853–855.
Follansbee WP, Curtiss EI, Rahko PS, Medsger TA, Lavine SJ, Owens GR, Steen VD. The electrocardiogram in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Study of 102 consecutive cases with functional correlations and review of the literature. Am J Med1985;79:183–192.
Moser DK, Stevenson WG, Woo MA, Weiner SR, Clements PJ, Suzuki SM, Wright CL, Child JS, Krivokapich J, Alhajje A. Frequency of late potentials in systemic sclerosis. Am J Cardiol1991;67:541–543.
Ferri C, Emdin M, Giuggioli D, Carpeggiani C, Maielli M, Varga A, Michelassi C, Pasero G, L'Abbate A. Autonomic dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: Time and frequency domain 24 hour heart rate variability analysis. Br J Rheum 1997;36:669–676.
Sgreccia A, Morelli S, Ferrante L, Perrone C, De Marzio P, De Vincentiis G, Scopinaro F. QT interval and QT dispersion in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Intern Med 1998;243(2):127–132.
Rokas S, Mavrikakis M, Agrios N, Mylonas D, Antoniadou L, Moulopoulos S. Electrophysiologic abnormalities of cardiac function in progressive systemic sclerosis. J Electrocardiol 1996;29: 17–25.
Martinez-Taboada V, Olalla J, Blanco R, Armona J, Sueiro JF, Rodriguez-Valverde V. Malignant ventricular arrhythmia in systemic sclerosis controlled with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. J Rheumatol 1994;21(11):2166–2167.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rankin, A.C. Arrhythmias in Systemic Sclerosis and Related Disorders. Card Electrophysiol Rev 6, 152–154 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017924213904
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017924213904