Skip to main content
Log in

The Times and the Man as Predictors of Emotion and Style in the Inaugural Addresses of U.S. Presidents

  • Published:
Computers and the Humanities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Intercorrelations among stylistic and emotional variables and constructvalidity deduced from relationships to other ratings of U.S. presidentssuggest that power language (language that is linguistically simple,emotionally evocative, highly imaged, and rich in references to Americanvalues) is an important descriptor of inaugural addresses. Attempts topredict the use of power language in inaugural addresses from variablesrepresenting the times (year, media, economic factors) and the man(presidential personality) lead to the conclusion that time-basedfactors are the best predictors of the use of such language (81%prediction of variance in the criterion) while presidential personalityadds at most a small amount of prediction to the model. Changes in powerlanguage are discussed as the outcome of a tendency to opt for breadthof communication over depth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anastasi, Anne and Susana Urbina. Psychological Testing, 7th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, James David. The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Deeds Done in Words: Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, Ronald H. and William J. Jordan. “Style in Discourse as a Predictor of Political Personality for Mr. Carter and Other Twentieth Century Presidents: Testing the Barber Paradigm”. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 8 (1978), 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, M.N. and G.D. Hobbs. “The Fifty-year Cycle. A Look at the Empirical Evidence”. In Long Waves in the World Economy. Ed. Christopher Freeman. London: Frances Printer, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donley, Richard E. and David G. Winter. “Measuring the Motives of Public Officials at a Distance: An Exploratory Study of American Presidents”. Behavioral Science, 15 (1969), 227–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelderman, Carol. All the Presidents’ Words: The Bully Pulpit and the Creation of the Virtual Presidency. New York: Walker, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, Roderick P. Verbal Style and the Presidency: A Computer-based Analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinckley, Barbara. The Symbolic Presidency. New York: Routledge, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humes, James P. Confessions of a White House Ghostwriter: Five Presidents and Other Political Adventures. Washington, DC: Regnery, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States from George Washington 1789 to George Bush 1989. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1989.

  • Kernell, Samuel. “Explaining Presidential Popularity”. American Political Science Review, 72 (1978), 506–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernell, Samuel. Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liesner, Thelma. One Hundred Years of Economic Statistics. New York: The Economist Publications; Facts on File, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logue, Calvin M. and Jean DeHart. “Representative American Speeches 1997–1998”. The Reference Shelf 70(6) (1998) (New York: H.W. Wilson Co).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, Brian, Ed. Historic Speeches. London, ENG: Penguins Books, 1995.

  • Mahoney, John, Constance L. Coogle and P. David Banks. “Values in Presidential Inaugural Addresses: A Test of Rokeach's Two-Factor Theory of Political Ideology”. Psychological Reports, 55 (1984), 683–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDevitt, Mike. “Ideological Language and the Press: Coverage of Inaugural, State of the Union Addresses”. Mass Comm Review, 13 (1986), 18–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, John. “Presidential Inaugural Addresses - A Study in Verbal Symbols”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1 (1937), 79–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Nancy L. and William B. Stiles. “Verbal Familiarity in American Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches and Inaugural Addresses (1920–1981)”. Social Psychology Quarterly, 49 (1986), 72–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Robert and Tim Blessing. “The Presidential Performance Study: A Progress Report”. Journal of American History, 70 (1983).

  • Neustadt, Richard. Presidential Power. New York: Wiley, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedhazur, Elazar, J. Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research: Explanation and Prediction, 3rd edn. New York: Harcourt-Brace, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prothro, James W. “Verbal Shifts in the American Presidency: A Content Analysis”. American Political Science Review, 60 (1956), 726–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, Larry D., David L. Sjoquist and Paula Stephan. “Understanding Regression Analysis: An Introductory Guide”. #57 in the Series: Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Newberry Park, CA: Sage, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, Malcolm. “The Traditional and Modern Presidencies”. In Roosevelt to Reagan: The Development of the Modern Presidency. Ed. Malcolm Shaw. London: C. Hurst & Co., 1987, pp. 244–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, Malcolm, Ed. Roosevelt to Reagan: The Development of the Modern Presidency. London: C. Hurst & Co., 1987.

  • Sherman, Howard J. The Business Cycle: Growth and Crisis Under Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigelman, Lee. “Presidential Inaugurals: The Modernization of a Genre”. Political Communication, 13 (1996), 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonton, Dean Keith. “Presidential Personality: Biographical Use of the Gough Adjective Checklist”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (1986), 149–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strunk, William Jr. and E.B. White. The Elements of Style, 3rd edn. New York: Macmillan, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulis, Jeffrey K. The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Drehle, David. “42 Men in Search of the Right Address”. Washington Post (January 20 1993): F11.

  • Whissell, Cynthia, Michael Fournier, René Pelland, Deborah Weir, and Katherine Makarec. “A Dictionary of Affect in Language: IV. Reliability, Validity, and Applications”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62 (1986), 875–888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whissell, Cynthia. “A Computer Program for the Objective Analysis of Style and Emotional Connotations of Prose: Hemingway, Galsworthy, and Faulkner Compared”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79 (1994), 815–824.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whissell, Cynthia. “A Parsimonious Technique for Analysis of Patterns of Word Usage in Texts and Transcripts”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86 (1998a), 595–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whissell, Cynthia. “Are Phonemes Mastered Early More Likely To Be Used in Highly Imaged as Opposed to Abstract Nouns?” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87 (1998b), 1208–1210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whissell, Cynthia. “Linguistic Complexity of Abstracts and Title in Highly Cited Journals”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88 (1999), 76–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, David G. and Abigail J. Stewart. “Content Analysis as a Technique for Assessing Political Leaders”. In A Psychological Examination of Political Leaders. Ed. Margaret G. Hermann. New York: The Free Press, 1977, pp. 28–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, W. Beran. How to be Happy Though Human. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Whissell, C., Sigelman, L. The Times and the Man as Predictors of Emotion and Style in the Inaugural Addresses of U.S. Presidents. Computers and the Humanities 35, 255–272 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017569003556

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017569003556

Keywords

Navigation