Abstract
Introduced submerged macrophytes have come to dominate many shallow water bodies in New Zealand, and are a common component of many lowland streams. We investigated the seasonal variation of macrophyte abundance, its influence on flow and channel volume, and the implications of this on stream habitat and functioning in Whakapipi Stream, a typical lowland stream draining a predominantly agricultural catchment.
Abundance of macrophytes over the summer was primarily controlled by the phenological cycles of the two dominant species. Mean minimum total macrophyte biomass (36 g m−2) and cover (7%) occurred in winter (June and August, respectively), and mean maximum biomass (324 g m−2), and cover (79%) occurred in late summer (March and February respectively). Egeria densa comprised the majority of both cover and biomass during the study period, except early summer (December) when Potamogeton crispus was prevalent in the shallow stream reaches.
Macrophyte beds had a major impact on summer stream velocities, reducing average velocities by an estimated 41%. Stream cross-sectional area was maintained at relatively stable levels similar to that recorded over winter, when stream discharge was in the order of seven times greater. The mean velocity distribution coefficient (α), and Manning's roughness coefficient (n) were dependent on and displayed a positive linear relationship with macrophyte abundance. The velocity distribution coefficient is recommended as a better indicator of macrophyte effects on velocity in natural streams, as it does not assume uniform velocity, channel depth and slope within the stream reach.
Our study shows that submerged macrophytes play an important structuring role within the stream during the summer period, where macrophyte beds act as semi-permeable dams, retarding flow velocities and increasing stream depth and cross-sectional area. This promotes habitat heterogeneity by creating a greater range of flow velocity variation, and also provides large stable low-flow areas. Other likely ecosystem effects resulting from macrophyte/velocity interactions include increased sedimentation, potential for nutrient processing and increased primary production, both by macrophytes and attached epiphyton. The complex architecture of submerged macrophytes and their influence on stream flow may also provide an increased diversity of habitat for other aquatic biota. We propose that management of degraded lowland streams such as the Whakapipi Stream to maintain stretches with moderate quantities of submerged macrophytes interspersed with shaded areas would optimise stream health during low summer flows.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barrat-Segretain, M. H., 1996. Strategies of reproduction, dispersion and competition in river plants: a review. Vegetatio 123: 13–37.
Chambers, P. A., E. E. Prepas, H. R. Hamilton & M. L. Bothwell, 1991. Current velocity and its effect on aquatic macrophytes in flowing waters. Ecol. Appl. 1: 249–257.
Collier, K. J., P. D. Champion & G. F. Croker, 1999. Patch-and reach-scale dynamics of a macrophyte-invertebrate system in a New Zealand lowland stream. Hydrobiologia: 10 pp.
Davis, J. F. & A. J. McDonnell, 1997. Development of a partitionedbiomass model for rooted macrophyte growth. Aquat. Bot. 56: 265–276.
Dawson, F. H., 1978. The seasonal effects of aquatic plant growth on the flow of water in a stream. Proc. of the Eur.Weed Res. Soc. 5th Symp. on Aquatic Weeds, Amsterdam: 71–78.
Dibble, E. D., K. J. Killgore & G. O. Dick, 1996. Measurement of plant architechture in seven aquatic plants. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 11: 311–318.
Environment Waikato, 1999. Waikato state of the environment report 1998. Waikato Regional Council, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Eriksson, P. G., & S. E. B. Weisner, 1996. Functional differences in epiphytic microbial communities in nutrient-rich freshwater ecosystems: an assay of denitrifying capacity. Freshwat. Biol. 36: 555–562.
Feijoó , C. S., F. R. Momo, C. A. Bonetto & N. M. Tur, 1996. Factors influencing biomass and nutrient content of the submersed macrophyte Egeria densa Planch. in a pampasic stream. Hydrobiologia 341: 21–26.
French, T. D. & P. A. Chambers, 1996. Habitat partitioning in riverine macrophyte communities. Freshwat. Biol. 36: 509–520.
Getsinger, K. D. & C. R. Dillon, 1984. Quiescence, growth and senescence of Egeria densa in Lake Marion. Aquat. Bot. 20: 329–338.
Haramoto, T. & I. Ikusima, 1988. Life cycle of Egeria densa Planch., an aquatic plant naturalised in Japan. Aquat. Bot. 30: 389–403.
Haslam, S. L., 1978. River Plants: the Macrophytic Vegetation of Watercourses. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Hearne, J. W. & P. D. Armitage, 1993. Implications of the annual macrophyte growth cycle on habitat in rivers. Regul Riv: Res. Managem. 8: 313–322.
Henderson, F. M., 1966. Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.
Howard-Williams, C., J. S. B. T. Coffey & I. M. Johnstone, 1987. Macrophyte Invasions. In Viner, A. B. (ed.), Inland Waters of New Zealand. DSIR Bulletin 241, Wellington, New Zealand: 307–332.
Korner, S., 1999. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in epiphytic communities of submerged macrophytes in a treated sewage channel. Acta. Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 27: 27–31.
Kunii, H., 1989. Continuous growth and clump maintenance of Potamogeton crispus L. in Narutoh River, Japan. Aquat. Bot. 33: 13–26.
Madsen, J. D. & M. S. Adams, 1988. The seasonal biomass and productivity of the submerged macrophytes in a polluted Wisconsin stream. Freshwat. Biol. 20: 41–50.
Madsen, T. V. & E. Warncke, 1983. Velocities of currents around and within submerged aquatic vegetation. Arch. Hydrobiol. 97: 389–394.
Madsen, T. V., H. O. Enevoldsen & T. B. Jorgensen, 1993. Effects of water velocity on photosynthesis and dark respitation in submerged stream macrophytes. Plant Cell Environ. 16: 317–322.
Nichols, S. A. & B. H. Shaw, 1986. Ecological life histories of three aquatic nuisance plants, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus and Elodea canadensis. Hydrobiologia 131: 3–21.
Sand-Jensen, K., E. Jeppesen, K. Nielsen, L. Van der Bijl, L. Hjermind, L. Wiggers Nielsen & T. Moth Iversen, 1989. Growth of macrophytes and ecosystem consequences in a lowland Danish stream. Freshwat. Biol. 22: 15–32.
Sand-Jensen, K. & J. R. Mebus, 1996. Fine-scale patterns of water velocity within macrophyte patches in streams. Oikos 76: 169–180.
Sand-Jensen, K., 1998. Influence of submerged macrophytes on sediment composition and near-bed flow in lowland streams. Freshwat. Biol. 39: 663–679.
Tanner, C. C., J. S. Clayton & B. T. Coffey, 1990. Submerged-vegetation changes in Lake Rotoroa (Hamilton, New Zealand) related to herbicide treatment and invasion by Egeria densa. New Zealand J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 30: 45–58.
Thornton, C. I., S. R. Abt & W. P. Clary, 1997. Vegetation influence on small stream siltation. J. am. Wat. Res. Ass. 33: 1279–1288.
Watson, D., 1987. Hydraulic effects of aquatic weeds in U.K. rivers. Reg. Riv.: Res. Manage. 1: 211–227.
Whittaker, R. H. & D. Goodman, 1979. Classifying species according to their demographic strategy. I. Population fluctuations and environmental heterogeneity. Am. Nat. 113: 185–200.
Wilcock, R. J., P. D. Champion, J. W. Nagels & G. F. Croker, 1999. The influence of aquatic macrophytes on the hydraulic and physico-chemical properties of a New Zealand lowland stream. Hydrobiologia 416: 203–214.
Wilson, B., 1998. Regional rivers water quality monitoring programme data report 1997. Technical report 1998/12. Environment Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Champion, P.D., Tanner, C.C. Seasonality of macrophytes and interaction with flow in a New Zealand lowland stream. Hydrobiologia 441, 1–12 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017517303221
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017517303221