Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine suitable conditions for low temperature preservation of small S (Fukuoka) and ultra-small SS (Thai) strains of B. rotundiformis. For this, single rotifers (an adult bearing one egg or a 4-h neonate) were incubated for 10 days in 1 ml seawater (22 ppt salinity). The highest survival was achieved at 10 and 12 °C for S-strain and 12 °C for SS-strain. The effect of salinity, change of culture medium and feeding regime were further tested on rotifers (300 ind. ml−1) cultured in vials containing 10 ml seawater and microalgae at 12 °C. Survival of S-strain was highest (55.5±0.8%) at 35 ppt, while SS-strain survived best (43.1±2.6%) at 17 ppt. Survival was suppressed by changing the culture medium every 4 days. Feeding rotifers every 2 days yielded better survival (66.2±6.6%: S-strains, cultured at 35 ppt and 81.8±5.2%, SS-strains cultured at 17 ppt) than feeding them only at the beginning of the experiment or at 4-day intervals. An acclimation at 20 °C for 24 h before transferring them from their usual culture temperature (28 °C) to 12 °C resulted in higher survival of SS-strain. For S-strain, however, no significant improvement resulted from acclimation. SS-strain was more susceptible to lower temperature and higher salinity than S-strain.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Araujo, A. B., T.W. Snell & A. Hagiwara, 2000. Effect of unionized ammonia, viscosity and protozoan contamination on the enzyme activity of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Aquacult. Res. 31: 359–365.
Araujo, A. B., A. Hagiwara & T. W. Snell, 2001. Effect of unionized ammonia, viscosity and protozoan contamination on reproduction and enzyme activity of the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis. Hydrobiologia, 446/447 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 153): 363–368.
Assavaaree, M., K. Ide, K. Maruyama., E. Lubzens & A. Hagiwara, 2001. Low temperature preservation (at 4 °C) of marine rotifer Brachionus. Aquacult. Res. 32: 29–40.
Berghahn, R., S. Euteneuer & E. Lubzens, 1990. High density storage of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) in cooled and undercooled water. Spec. Publ. Eur. Aquacult. Soc. 11: 267–274.
Fu, Y., A. Hada, T. Yamashita, Y. Yoshida & A. Hino, 1997. Development of a continuous culture system for stable mass production of marine rotifer Brachionus. Hydrobiologia 358: 145–151.
Fu, Y., A. Hagiwara & K. Hirayama, 1993. Crossing between seven strains of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 59: 2009–2016.
Fu, Y., K. Hirayama & Y. Natsukari, 1991a. Morphological difference between the two types of the rotifer Brachionus picatilis. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 151: 29–41.
Fu, Y., K. Hirayama & Y. Natsukari, 1991b. Genetic divergence between S and L type strains of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 151: 43–56.
Fukusho, K., 1983. Present status and problems in culture of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis for fry production of marine fishes in Japan. Symp. Int. Aquacult., Coquimbo, Chile, Sept, 1983: 361–374.
Fukusho, K. & M. Okauchi, 1982. Strain and size of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, being cultured in Southeast Asia countries. Bull. Natl. Inst. Aquacult. 3: 107–109.
Gallardo, W. G., A. Hagiwara & T. W. Snell, 2000. GABA enhances reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller: Application to mass culture. Aquacult. Res. 31: 713–718.
Hagiwara, A., 1994. Practical use of rotifer cysts. Israel J. Aquacult-Bamidgeh. 46: 13–21.
Hagiwara, A., K. Hamada, S. Hori & K. Hirayama, 1994. Increased sexual reproduction in Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera) with the addition of bacteria and rotifer extracts. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 154: 171–176.
Hagiwara. A., M. D. Balompapueng, N. Munuswamy & K. Hirayama, 1997. Mass production and preservation of marine rotifer resting eggs. Aquaculture 155: 223–230.
Hagiwara. A., T. Kotani, T. W. Snell, M. Assava-aree & K. Hirayama, 1995. Morphology, reproduction, genetic and mating behavior of small, tropical marine Brachionus strains (Rotifera). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 194: 25–37.
Hino, A., 1993. Present culture systems of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and the function of microorganisms. In Lee C. S., M. S. Su & I. C. Liao (eds), Proceeding of Finfish Hatchery in Asia'91, Tungkang, Taiwan. TML Conference Proceedings 3: 51–59.
Hirayama, K. & A. Hagiwara, 1995. Recent advance in biological aspects of mass cultures of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) in Japan. ICES Marine Science Symposium 201: 153–158
Hirayama, K. & S. Ogawa, 1972. Fundamental studies on physiology of rotifer for its mass culture-I, Filter feeding of rotifer. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 38: 1207–1214.
Hirayama, K. & I. F. M. Rumengan, 1993. The fecundity patterns of S and L type rotifers of Brachionus plicatilis. Hydrobiologia 255/256: 153–157.
Ito, S., H. Sakamoto, M. Hori & K. Hirayama, 1981. Morphological characteristics and suitable temperature for the growth of several strains of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. Bull. Fac. Fish. Nagasaki Univ. 51: 9–16 (in Japanese with English abstract).
Lubzens, E., 1987. Raising rotifers for use in aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 147: 245–255.
Lubzens, E., 1989. Possible use of rotifer resting eggs and preserved live rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) in aquaculture. In De Paul, N., E. Jaspers, H. Ackefords & N. Wilkins (eds): Aquaculture - A Biotechnology in Progress. Eur. Aquacult. Soc: 741–750.
Lubzens, E., A. Tandler & G. Minkoff, 1989. Rotifers as food in aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 186/187: 387–400
Lubzens, E., D. Rankevich, G. Kolodny, O. Gibson, A. Cohen & M. Khayat, 1995. Physiological adaptations in the survival of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis O.F. Müller) at low temperatures. Hydrobiologia 313/314: 175–183.
Lubzens, E., G. Kolodny, B. Perry, N. Galai, R. Sheshinski & Y. Wax, 1990. Factors affecting survival of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis O.F. Müller) at 4 °C. Aquaculture 91: 23–47.
Maeda, M & A. Hino, 1991. Environment management for mass culture of the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. In Fulks W. & K. L. Main (eds), Rotifer and Microalgae Culture System, Proceedings of a US-Asia Workshop. The Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii: 125–133.
Rumengan, I. F. M., V. Warouw & A. Haigwara, 1998. Morphometry and resting egg production potential of the tropical ultraminute rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis (Manado strain) fed different algae. Bull. Fac. Fish. Nagasaki Univ. 79: 31–36.
SAS User's Manual, 1992. SYSTAT Statistic, version 5 Edition. Statistical Analysis System, Inc., Evanston, IL: 750 pp.
Segers, H., 1995. Nomenclatural consequences of some recent studies on Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera, Brachionidae). Hydrobiologia 313/314: 121–122.
Snell, T. W. & F. H. Hoff, 1987. Fertilization and male fertility in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Hydrobiologia 147: 329–334.
Yoshimura, K., A. Hagiwara, C. Yoshimatsu & C. Kitajima, 1996. Culture technology of marine rotifers and the implications for intensive culture of marine fish in Japan. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 47: 217–222.
Zar, J. H., 1999. Biostatistical Analysis (4th edn). Prentice-Hall, New Jersey: 663 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Assavaaree, M., Hagiwara, A. & Lubzens, E. Factors affecting low temperature preservation of the marine rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff. Hydrobiologia 446, 355–361 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017515209173
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017515209173