Skip to main content
Log in

Inviting Students Into the Pursuit of Meaning

  • Published:
Educational Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article describes the basis of Questioning the Author, an approach to encourage students to engage with text ideas. The article begins with a description of what motivated us to design the approach, which was based on a series of studies conducted in the 1980s that provided a revealing look at how young readers interact with the ideas in their textbooks. We observed that students tended to resist grappling with text ideas, but rather dealt with text at a surface level. We hypothesized that students could be encouraged to consider text ideas if the reading situation was set up as a dialogue with a text's author—thus our notion of Questioning the Author. Examples of how Questioning the Author functions in classrooms are provided. A summary of findings from implementations of Questioning the Author are presented in terms of changes in the roles of both teachers and students in classroom discussion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination (Emerson, C., and Holquist, M. Trans.), University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., and McKeown, M.G. (1988). Toward meaningful accounts in history texts for young learners. Educ. Res. 17(6): 31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., and Gromoll, E. W. (1989). Learning from social studies texts. Cogn. Instr. 6(2): 99–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., Hamilton, R. L., and Kucan, L. (1997). Questioning the Author:AnApproach for Enhancing Student EngagementWithText, International Reading Association, Newark, Delaware.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., Omanson, R. C., and Pople, M. T. (1984). Improving the comprehensibility of stories: The effects of revisions that improve coherence. Reading Res. Q. 19: 263–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., Sinatra, G. M., and Loxterman, J. A. (1991). Revising social studies text from a text-processing perspective: Evidence of improved comprehensibility. Reading Res. Q. 26: 251–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., and Worthy, J. (1995). Giving a text voice can improve students' understanding. Reading Res. Q. 30(2): 220–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., Worthy, J., Sandora, C., and Kucan, L. (1996). QtA: A yearlong classroom implementation to engage students with text. Elem. School J. 96(4): 385–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, I. L., Omanson, R. C., and McKeown, M. G. (1982). An instructional redesign of reading lessons: Effects on comprehension. Reading Res. Q. 17: 462–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazden, C. B. (1988). Classroom Discourse: The Language of Teaching and Learning, Heinemann, Portsmouth, NH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. K. (1988). Educational technology and school organizations. In Nickerson, R. S., and Zodhiates, P. P. (eds.), Technology in Education: Looking Toward 2020, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. pp. 231–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. Am. Psychol. 41(10): 1040–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner, R., Gillingham, M. G., and White, J. (1989). Effects of “seductive details” on macroprocessing and microprocessing in adults and children. Cogn. Instr. 6: 41–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, D. (1983). Writing: Teachers and Children at Work, Heinemann, Portsmouth, NH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, S. B. (1986). Literacy and language change. In Tannen, D., and Alatis J. E. (eds.), Language and Linguistics: The Interdependence of Theory, Data, and Application, Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, pp. 282–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidi, S., and Baird, W. (1988). Strategies for increasing text-based interest and students' recall of expository texts. Reading Res. Q. 23: 465–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamberelis, G., and McGinley, W. (1992). One writer's construction of text and self: The role of voice. In Kinzer, C. K., and Leu. D. I. (eds.), Literacy Research, Theory, and Practice: Views From Many Perspectives, National Reading Conference, Chicago, pp. 199–214. 41st Yearbook of the National Reading Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauber, P. (1993). Meet the author. Session conducted at the Ohio State University Children's Literature Conference, Columbus, OH, Jan. 1993.

  • Loxterman, J. A., Beck, I. L., and McKeown, M.G. (1994). The effects of thinking aloud during reading on students' comprehension of more or less coherent text. Reading Res. Q. 29.4: 353–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown, M. G., and Beck, I. L. (1998). Talking to an author: Readers taking charge of the reading process. In Calfee, R., and Nelson, N. (eds.), The Reading-Writing Connection. Ninety-Seventh Yearbook for the National Society for the Study of Education, National Society for the Study of Education, Chicago, pp. 112–130.

  • McKeown, M. G., Beck, I. L., Hamilton, R., and Kucan, L. (1999). Questionoing the Author Accessibles: Easy Access Resources for Classroom Challenges, The Wright Group, Bothell, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown, M.G., Beck, I. L., and Sandora, C. A. (1996). QtA:Anapproach to developing meaningful classroom discourse. In Graves, M. G., Taylor, B. M., and van den Broek, P., (eds.), The first R: Every Child's Right To Read, Teachers College Press, pp. 97–119. (Reprinted in Reading Research Anthology: The Why? of Reading Instruction (1999), Arena Press, CA, pp. 156- 178. Consortium on Reading Excellence.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown, M. G., Beck, I. L., Sinatra, G. M., and Loxterman, J. A. (1992). The contribution of prior knowledge and coherent text to comprehension. Reading Res. Q. 27: 79–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris, S., Wasik, B. A., and Turner, J.C. (1991). The development of strategic readers. In Barr, R., Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., and Pearson, P. D. (eds.), Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 2, Longman, New York, pp. 609–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prawat, R. S. (1992). Teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning:Aconstructivist perspective. Am. J. Edu. 100: 354–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravitch, D. (1989). The revival of history: A response. The Social Studies, 80(3): 89–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadoski, M. et al. (1993). A causal model of sentence recall: Effects of familiarity, concreteness, comprehensibility, and interestingness. Journal of Reading Behavior, 25(1): 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewall, G.T. (1988). American history textbooks:Where dowego from here? Phi Delta Kappan, 69: 552–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver Burdett (1984). The United States and It's Neighbors, Silver Burdett, Morristown, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, S. E., and Adams, R.B. (1990). Effects of importance and interest on recall of biographical text. J. Reading Behav. 22: 331–353.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beck, I.L., McKeown, M.G. Inviting Students Into the Pursuit of Meaning. Educational Psychology Review 13, 225–241 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016671722022

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016671722022

Navigation