Skip to main content
Log in

Panic Probes and the Identification of Panic: A Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective

  • Published:
Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article reviews the historicaldevelopment of the category of panic disorderin the United States, particularly the shiftingperspectives on both what causes panic and howthe presence of panic should be determined. Thenotion that panic attacks of a panic-disordertype must be ``out of the blue'' and``unexpected,'' except in the case of triggeringby a particular place (i.e., agoraphobia), iscritiqued. The authors illustrate that ameaningful epidemiological determination ofpanic rates in other cultural groups must bepreceded by a detailed ethnography thatascertains the catastrophic cognitions, coresymptoms, and typical cues of panic attacks inthat particular context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA) 1980 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1987 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-IIIr). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1994 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balaban, C. and R. Jacob 2001 Background and History of the Interface Between Anxiety and Vertigo. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 15: 27–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. 1989 Introduction: Where Does ‘Panic Disorder’ Come From? In Panic Disorder: Theory, Research and Therepy. Roger Baker, ed., pp. 1–12. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. 1988 Anxiety and its Disorders. London: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A.T., G. Emery and R.L. Greenberg 1985 Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. 1988 Cognitive Approaches to Panic Disorder: Theory and Therapy. In Panic, Psychological Perspectives. S. Rachman and J. Maser, eds, pp. 33–54. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capps, L. and E. Ochs 1995 Constructing Panic, The Discourse of Agoraphobia. Harvard University Press: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, G. 1985 Epidemiology and Cross-Cultural Aspects of Anxiety Disorders: A commentary. In Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders. H. Tuma and J. Maser, eds, pp. 325–330. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D.A. 1986 Cognitive View Approach to Panic. Behavior Research and Therapy 24: 461–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M. 1991 Phobic Fear and Panic Attacks: The Same Emotional States Triggered by Different Cues? Clinical Psychology Review 11: 599–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1999 Anxiety Disorders: Psychological Approaches to Theory and Treatment. Colorado: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. 1894 On the Grounds for Detaching a Particular Syndrome From Neurasthenia Under the Description “Anxiety Neurosis.” In The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. III, 1962. J. Strachey, ed. London: Hogarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S. and C. Paradis 2002 Panic Disorder in African-Americans: Symptomatology and Isolated Sleep Paralysis. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 26(2).

  • Galen 1976 On the Affected Parts. Translation From the Text With Explanatory Notes. R. Siegel, trans. Syndey: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, B. 1977 The Heart of What's the Matter: The Semantics of Illness in Iran. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 1(1): 25–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, D. 1999 Musical Healing and Cultural Syndromes in Isan: Landscape, Conceptual Metaphor, and Embodiment. Doctoral Thesis, Ann Arbor: University Microfilm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, D., P. Ba, S. Peou and K. Um 2000 Panic Disorder Among Cambodian Refugees Attending a Psychiatric Clinic: Prevalence and Subtypes. General Hospital Psychiatry 22: 437–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, D., K. Um and P. Ba 2001a A Unique Panic-Disorder Presentation Among Khmer Refugees: The Sore-Neck Syndrome. Culture, Medicine, and Pyschiatry 25(3): 297–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, D., P. Ba and K. Um 2001b Kyol Goeu (“Wind Overload”) Part I: Kyol Goeu and Orthostatic Panic Among Khmer Refugees Attending a Pyschiatric Clinic; or Cultural Syndromes, Catastrophic Cognitions, and the Generation of Panic. Transcultural Psychiatry 38: 403–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, D., P. Ba and K. Um 2001c Kyol Goeu (“Wind Overload”) Part II: The Prevalence, Characteristics, and Mechanisms of Kyol Goeu (“Wind Overload”) and Near-Kyol Goeu Episodes of Khmer Patients Attending a Pyschiatric Clinic. Transcultural Psychiatry 38: 433–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, D., L. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, T. Pham, S. Quinn and M. Tran 2001d Panic Disorder Among Vietnamese Refugees Attending a Psychiatric Clinic: Prevalence and Subtypes. General Hospital Psychiatry 23: 337–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, D. and S. Hinton 2002 Panic Disorder, Somatization, and the New Cross-Cultural Psychiatry: The Seven Bodies of a Medical Anthropology of Panic. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 26(2).

  • Hinton, D., S. Hinton, K. Um, P. Ba and A. Chea 2002 The Khmer “Weak Heart” Syndrome: Fear of Death from Palpitations. Transcultural Psychiatry, in press.

  • Katon, W., P. Vitaliano, J. Russo, J. Jones and K. Anderson 1987 Panic Disorder: Spectrum of Severity and Somatization. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 175: 12–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. and M. Fin 1962 Psychiatric Reaction Patterns to Imipramine. The American Journal of Psychiatry 119: 432–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. 1964 Delineation of Two Drug-Responsive Anxiety Syndromes. Psychopharmacologia 5: 397–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. and H. Klein 1989 The Nosology of Anxiety Disorders: A Critical Review of Hypothesis Testing About Spontaneous Panic. In Psychopharmacology of Anxiety. P. Tyrer, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. 1993 False Suffocation Alarms, Spontaneous Panics, and Related Conditions: An Integrative Hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 306–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, A. 1980 Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1986 Social Origins of Distress and Disease. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, T. and M. Schumacher 1988 Westphal's “Die Agoraphobie” with Commentary. University Press of America: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepine, J. and A. Pelissolo 1999 Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Genetics of Panic Disorder. In Panic Disorder, Clinical Diagnosis, Management, and Mechanisms. D. Nutt, J. Ballenger and J. P. Lepine, eds. London: Martin Dunitz, Blackwell Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNally, R. 1994 Panic Disorder, a Critical Analysis. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ossipova, V., O. Kolosova and A. Vein 1999 Migraine Associated With Panic Attacks. Cephalgia 19: 728–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, N. and J.N. McClure 1967 Lactate Metabolism in Anxiety Neurosis. New England Journal of Medicine 277: 1329–1336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S. and J. Maser 1988 Panic: Psychological Contributions. In Panic: Psychological Perspecitves. S. Rachman and J. Maser, eds. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S. 1998 Anxiety. Hove: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapee, R., M. Craske and D. Barlow 1995 Assessment Instrument for Panic Disorder that Include Fear of Sensation-Producing Activities: The Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire. Anxiety 1: 114–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Street, L., M. Craske and D. Barlow 1989 Sensations, Cognitions, and the Perception of Cues Associated with Expected and Unexpected Attacks. Behavioral Research and Therapy 27: 189–198.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hinton, D., Nathan, M., Bird, B. et al. Panic Probes and the Identification of Panic: A Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cult Med Psychiatry 26, 137–153 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016359531483

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016359531483

Navigation