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Methane distribution in European tidal estuaries

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Abstract

Methane concentrations have been measured along salinity profilesin nine tidal estuaries in Europe (Elbe, Ems, Thames, Rhine,Scheldt, Loire, Gironde, Douro and Sado). The Rhine, Scheldt andGironde estuaries have been studied seasonally. A number ofdifferent methodologies have been used and they yieldedconsistent results. Surface water concentrations ranged from0.002 to 3.6 μM, corresponding to saturation ratios of 0.7 to1580 with a median of 25. Methane concentrations in thefresh-water end-members varied from 0.01 to 1.4 μM. Methaneconcentrations in the marine end-members were close to saturationoffshore and on the order of 0.1 μM in estuarine plumes. Methaneversus salinity profiles in river-dominated, stratified estuaries(Rhine and Douro) appeared rather erratic whereas those in thewell mixed, long-residence time estuaries (Elbe, Ems, Thames,Scheldt, Loire, Gironde and Sado) revealed consistent trends. Inthese systems dissolved methane initially decreases withincreasing salinity, then increases to a maximum at intermediateto high salinities before decreasing again going offshore. Tidalflats and creeks were identified as a methane source to estuarinewaters. The global estuarine flux of methane to the atmospherehas been calculated by combining the median water-air methanegradient (68.2 nmol dm−3) with a global area weighted transfercoefficient and the global area of estuaries. Estuaries emit 1.1to 3.0 Tg CH4 yr−1, which is less than 9% of the global marinemethane emission.

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Author notes

  1. Hein de Wilde

    Present address: ECN, Postbus 1, 1755 ZG, Petten, The Netherlands

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Korringaweg 7, 4401, NT Yerseke, The Netherlands

    Jack J. Middelburg & Joop Nieuwenhuize

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmvej 57, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark

    Niels Iversen & Nana Høgh

  3. Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, Postbus 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands

    Hein de Wilde & Wim Helder

  4. Institute of Biogeochemistry and Marine Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    Richard Seifert & Oliver Christof

Authors
  1. Jack J. Middelburg
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  2. Joop Nieuwenhuize
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  3. Niels Iversen
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  4. Nana Høgh
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  8. Oliver Christof
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Middelburg, J.J., Nieuwenhuize, J., Iversen, N. et al. Methane distribution in European tidal estuaries. Biogeochemistry 59, 95–119 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015515130419

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