Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Framework for Assessment and Monitoring of Small Mammals in a Lowland Tropical Forest

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Development projects in tropical forests can impact biodiversity.Assessment and monitoring programs based on the principles of adaptive management assist managers to identify and reduce suchimpacts. The small mammal community is one important component ofa forest ecosystem that may be impacted by development projects. In 1996, a natural gas exploration project was initiated in a Peruvian rainforest. The Smithsonian Institution's Monitoring andAssessment of Biodiversity program cooperated with Shell Prospecting and Development Peru to establish an adaptive management program to protect the region's biodiversity. In thisarticle, we discuss the role of assessing and monitoring small mammals in relation to the natural gas project. We outline theconceptual issues involved in establishing an assessment andmonitoring program, including setting objectives, evaluating the results and making appropriate decisions. We also summarizethe steps taken to implement the small mammal assessment, provideresults from the assessment and discuss protocols to identifyappropriate species for monitoring.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, G. H., Arboledo, J. J. and Travi, B. L.: 1997, ‘Diversity and abundance of small mammals in degraded tropical dry forest of northern Colombia', Mammalia 61(3), 361–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. F.: 1991, The Ecology of Mycorrhizae, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, A. and Dallmeier, F. (eds): 1998, Biodiversity Assessment and Long-term Monitoring of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru: Cashiriari 3 Well Site and the Camisea and Urubamba Rivers, SI/MAB Series #2, Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.

  • Alonso, A. and Dallmeier, F. (eds): 1999, Biodiversity Assessment and Long-term Monitoring of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru: Pagoreni Well Site, Assessment and Training, SI/MAB Series #3, Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.

  • Andersen, D. C. and Folk, M. L.: 1993, ‘Blarina brevicauda and Peromyscus leucopus reduce overwinter survivorship of acorn weevils in an Indiana hardwood forest', J. Mammal. 74(3), 656–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bawa, K. S.: 1990, ‘Plant-pollinator interactions in tropical rain forests', Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 21, 399–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayne, E. M. and Hobson, K. A.: 1998, ‘The effects of habitat fragmentation by forestry and agriculture on the abundance of small mammals in the southern boreal mixed wood forest', Can. J. Zool. 76(1), 62–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookhout, T. A. (ed.): 1994, Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats, 5th ed., The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, S. W. and Rejmanek, M.: 1999, ‘Small rodents as significant dispersers of tree seeds in a neotropical forest', J. Veg. Sci. 10(2), 165–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carthew, S. M. and Goldingay, R. L.: 1997, ‘Non-flying mammals as pollinators', Trends Ecol. Evol. 12(3), 104–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles-Dominique, P., Atramentowicz, M., Charles-Dominique, M., Gérard, H., Hladik, A., Hladik, C. M. and Prévost, M. F.: 1981, ‘Les mammifères frugivores arboricoles nocturnes d'une forêt guyanaise: Interrelations plantes-animaux', Rev. Ecol. Terre Vie 35, 341–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. A. and Clark, D. B.: 1984, ‘Spacing dynamics of a tropical rain forest tree: Evaluation of the Janzen-Connell model', Amer. Natur. 124, 769–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, W. G.: 1977, Sampling Techniques, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comiskey, J. A., Campbell, P., Alonso, A., Mistry, S., Dallmeier, F., Nuñez, P., Beltran, H., Baldeon, S., Nauray, W., de la Colina, W., Acurio, L. and Udvardy, S.: 2001, ‘Vegetation Assessment of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru', in F. Dallmeier, A. Alonso and P. Campbell (eds), Biodiversity of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru, SIMAB Series 7, Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.

  • Comiskey, J. A., Dallmeier, F. and Alonso, A.: 2000, ‘Framework for Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity', in S. Levin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Vol. 1, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J. H.: 1971, ‘On the Role of Natural Enemies in Preventing Competitive Exclusion in Some Marine Animals and Rain Forest Trees', in P. J. den Boer and G. R. Gradwell (eds), Dynamics of Populations: Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute on Dynamics of Numbers in Populations, Oosterbeek, 1970, Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J. H. and Lowman, M. D.: 1989, ‘Low-diversity tropical rain forests: Some possible mechanisms for their existence', Amer. Natur. 134, 88–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conroy, M. J. and Nichols, J. D.: 1996, ‘Designing a Study to Assess Mammalian Diversity', in D. E. Wilson, F. R. Cole, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudran and M. S. Foster (eds), Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods forMammals, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S. P., Smith, H. R., Hain, F. P. and Hastings, F. L.: 1995, ‘Predation of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae by invertebrates at low small mammal population densities', Environ. Entomol. 24(5), 1234–1238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dallmeier, F.: 1997, ‘Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring for Adaptive Management', in F. Dallmeier and A. Alonso (eds), Biodiversity Assessment and Long-term Monitoring of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru: San Martin 3 and Cashiriari 2 Well Sites, SI/MAB Series #1, Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.

  • Dallmeier, F. and Alonso, A. (eds): 1997, Biodiversity Assessment and Long-term Monitoring of the Lower Urubamba Region Peru: San Martin 3 and Cashiriari 2 Well Sites. SI/MAB Series #1, Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.

  • Dallmeier, F. and Comiskey, J. A.: 1998, ‘Forest Biodiversity Assessment, Monitoring, and Evaluation for Adaptive Management', in F. Dallmeier and J. A. Comiskey (eds), Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling: Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies, Man and the Biosphere Series, Vol. 20, UNESCO, Paris, and Parthenon Publishing Group, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denslow, J. S. and Moermond, T. C.: 1982, ‘The effect of accessibility on rates of fruit removal from tropical shrubs: An experimental study', Oecologia 54, 170–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elzinga, C. L., Salzer, D. W. and Willoughby, J. W.: 1998, Measuring and Monitoring Plant Populations, United States Bureau of Land Management, Denver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, L. H. and Feer, F.: 1997, Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrada, A. and Fleming, T. H. (eds): 1986, Frugivores and Seed Dispersal, W. Junk, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenton, M. B., Acharya, L., Audet, D., Hickey, M. B. C., Merriman, C., Obrist, M. K., Syme, D. M. and Adkins, B.: 1992, ‘Phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) as indicators of habitat disruption in the neotropics', Biotropica 24(3), 440–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. H.: 1979, ‘Do tropical frugivores compete for food?', Amer. Zool. 19, 1157–1172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. H.: 1981, ‘Fecundity, fruiting pattern and seed dispersal in Piper amalago (Piperaceae), a bat-dispersed tropical shrub', Oecologia 51, 42–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. H.: 1988, The Short-tailed Fruit Bat: A Study in Plant-animal Interactions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. H., Breitwisch, R. and Whitesides, G. H.: 1987, ‘Patterns of tropical vertebrate frugivore diversity', Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 18, 91–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. H. and Heithaus, E. R.: 1981, ‘Frugivorous bats, seed shadows, and the structure of tropical forests', Biotropica 13(suppl.), 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. H. and Sosa, V. J.: 1994, ‘Effects of nectarivorous and frugivorous mammals on reproductive success of plants', J. Mammal. 75(4), 845–851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forget, P. M.: 1990, ‘Seed-dispersal of Vouacapoua americana (Caesalpiniaceae) by caviomorph rodents in French Guiana', J. Trop. Ecol. 6(4), 459–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forget, P. M.: 1992, ‘Regeneration ecology of Eperua grandiflora (Caesalpiniaceae), large-seeded tree in French Guiana', Biotropica 24(2A), 146–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, M. S. and Tuttle, M. D.: 1991, ‘Flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): Threatened animals of key ecological and economic importance', Conserv. Biol. 5(4), 455–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galindo, G. J.: 1998, ‘Seed dispersion by fruit bats: Its importance in the conservation and regeneration of tropical forests', Acta Zool. Mex. Nueva Ser. 73, 57–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gascon, C. and Lovejoy, T. E.: 1998, ‘Ecological impacts of forest fragmentation in central Amazonia', Zoology (Jena) 101(4), 273–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, L. E.: 1980, ‘Food Web Organization and the Conservation of Neotropical Diversity', in M. Soulé and B. Wilcox (eds), Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-ecological Perspective, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granjon, L., Cosson, J. F., Judas, J. and Ringuet, S.: 1996, ‘Influence of tropical rainforest fragmentation on mammal communities in French Guiana: Short-term effects', Acta Oecol. 17(6), 673–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, H. W.: 1988, ‘Species Richness in Tropical Predators', in F. Almeda and C. M. Pringle (eds), Diversity and Conservation of Tropical Rainforests, California Academy of Science, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamrick, J. and Loveless, L.: 1989, ‘Genetic Structure of Tropical Tree Populations: Associations with Reproductive Biology', in J. H. Bock and Y. B. Linhart (eds), The Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heithaus, E. R., Opler, P. A. and Baker, H. G.: 1974, ‘Bat activity and pollination of Bauhinia pauletia: Plant-pollinator coevolution', Ecology 55, 412–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellawell, J. M.: 1991, ‘Development of a Rationale for Monitoring', in F. B. Goldsmith (ed.), Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology, Conservation Biology Series 3, Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heske, E. J.: 1995, ‘Mammalian abundances on forest-farm edges versus forest interiors in southern Illinois: Is there an edge effect?', J. Mammal. 76(2), 562–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilborn, R.: 1992, ‘Can fisheries learn from experience?', Fisheries 17(4), 6–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S. (ed.): 1978, Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, H. F.: 1984, ‘Implications of seed dispersal by animals for tropical reserve management', Biol. Conserv. 30, 261–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, H. F.: 1986, Seed Dispersal by Fruit-eating Birds and Mammals, in R. D. Murray (ed.), Seed Dispersal, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janos, D. P.: 1980a, ‘Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae affect lowland tropical rain forest plant growth', Ecology 61, 151–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janos, D. P.: 1980b, ‘Mycorrhizae influence tropical succession', Biotropica 12(suppl.), 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janos, D. P.: 1983, Tropical Mycorrhizas, Nutrient Cycles and Plant Growth, in S. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore and A. C. Chadwick (eds), Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janos, D. P.: 1985, Mycorrhizal Fungi: Agents or Symptoms of Tropical Community Composition?, in R. Molina (ed.), Proceedings of the Sixth North American Conference on Mycorrhizae, Forest Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janos, D. P., Sahley, C. T. and Emmons, L. H.: 1995, ‘Rodent dispersal of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Amazonian Peru', Ecology 76(6), 1852–1858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janson, C. H., Terborgh, J.W. and Emmons, L. H.: 1981, ‘Non-flying mammals as pollinating agents in the Amazonian forest', Biotropica 13(suppl.), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H.: 1970, ‘Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests', Amer. Natur. 104, 501–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H.: 1986, ‘Mice, Big Mammals and Seeds: It Matters Who Defecates What Where', in A. Estrada and T. H. Fleming (eds), Frugivores and Seed Dispersal, W. Junk, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H. and Martin, P. S.: 1982, ‘Neotropical anachronisms: The fruits the Gomphotheres ate', Science 215, 19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C. J.: 1994, Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance, 4th ed., Harper Collins College Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C. J.: 1996, ‘Population cycles revisited', J. Mammal. 77(1), 8–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunz, T. H. and Kurta, A.: 1988, ‘Capture Methods and Holding Devices', in T. H. Kunz (ed.), Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landres, P. B., Verner, J. and Thomas, J. W.: 1988, ‘Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: A critique', Conserv. Biol. 2, 316–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemke, T. O.: 1984, ‘Foraging ecology of the long nosed bat Glossophaga soricina, with respect to resource availability', Ecology 65, 538–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levey, D. J., Moermond, T. C. and Sloan Denslow, J.: 1994, ‘Frugivory: An Overview', in L. A. McDade, K. S. Bawa, H. A. Hespenheide and G. S. Hartshorn (eds), La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm, J. R.: 1997, ‘Biomass and Diversity of Small Mammals in Amazonian Forest Fragments', in W. F. Laurance and R. O. Bierregaard Jr. (eds), Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahan, C. G. and Yahner, R. H.: 1998, ‘Lack of population response by eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) to forest fragmentation', Amer. Midl. Natur. 140(2), 382–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medellin, R. A. and Gaona, O.: 1999, ‘Seed dispersal by bats and birds in forest and disturbed habitats of Chiapas, Mexico', Biotropica 31(3), 478–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menge, B. A., Berlow, E. L., Blanchette, C. A., Navarrette, S. A. and Yamada, S. B.: 1994, ‘The keystone species concept: Variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat', Ecol. Monogr. 64, 249–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noss, R. F.: 1990, ‘Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach', Cons. Biol. 4(4), 355–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noss, R. F.: 1999, ‘Assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity: A suggested framework and indicators', For. Ecol. Manage. 115, 135–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nupp, T. E. and Swihart, R. K.: 1998, ‘Effects of forest fragmentation on population attributes of white-footed mice and eastern chipmunks', J. Mammal. 79(4), 1234–1243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco, V., Patterson, B. D., Patton, J. L., Emmons, L. H., Solari, S. and Ascorra, C. F.: 1993, ‘List of Mammal Species Known to Occur in Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru', Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (A)44, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine, R. T.: 1966, ‘Food web complexity and species diversity', Amer. Natur. 100, 65–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R. P., Crombie, R. I., McDiarmid, R. W. and Yates, T. L.: 1996, ‘Voucher Specimens', in D. E. Wilson, F. R. Cole, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudran and M. S. Foster (eds), Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods forMammals, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Root, R. B.: 1967, ‘The niche exploitation pattern of the blue-gray gnatcatcher', Ecol. Monogr. 37, 317–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudran, R. and Foster, M.: 1996, ‘Conducting a Survey to Assess Mammalian Diversity', in D. E. Wilson, F. R. Cole, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudran and M. S. Foster (eds), Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods forMammals, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shilton, L. A., Altringham, J. D., Compton, S. G. and Whittaker, R. J.: 1999, ‘Old world fruit bats can be long distance seed dispersers through extended retention of viable seeds in the gut', Proc. Roy. Soc. of London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 266(1416), 219–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D.: 1998, ‘Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: Is single-species management passé in the landscape era?', Biol. Conserv. 83(3), 247–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smythe, N.: 1970, ‘Relationships between fruiting season and seed dispersal methods in a neotropical forest', Amer. Natur. 104, 25–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smythe, N.: 1986, ‘Competition and resource partitioning in the guild of neotropical terrestrial frugivorous mammals', Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 17, 169–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solari, S., Vivar, E., Velazco, P., Rodriguez, J. J., Wilson, D., Baker, R. and Mena, J. L.: 2001, ‘The SmallMammal Community in the Neotropical Rainforests of the Lower Urubamba River Valley, Peru', in F. Dallmeier, A. Alonso and P. Campbell (eds), Biodiversity of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru, SIMAB Series 7, Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.

  • Spellerberg, I. F.: 1991, Monitoring Ecological Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spellerberg, I. F.: 1992, Evaluation and Assessment for Conservation, Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, S. M. and Husband, T. P.: 1998, ‘The influence of edge on small mammals: Evidence from Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments', Biol. Conserv. 85(1-2), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terborgh, J.: 1986, ‘Keystone Plant Resources in the Tropical Forest', in M. E. Soulé (ed.), Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. N. and Willson, M. F.: 1978, ‘Disturbance and the dispersal of fleshy fruits', Science 200, 1161–1163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trappe, J. M.: 1987, ‘Phylogenetic and Ecologic Aspects of Mycotrophy in the Angiosperms from an Evolutionary Standpoint', in G. R. Safir (ed.), Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traveset, A.: 1998, ‘Effect of seed passage through vertebrate frugivores’ guts on germination: Review', Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. System. 1(2), 151–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuttle, M. D.: 1976, ‘Collecting Techniques', in R. J. Baker, J. K. Jones Jr. and D. C. Carter (eds), Biology of Bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae, Part I, Special Publication of the Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, R. S. and Emmons, L. H.: 1996, ‘Mammalian diversity in neotropical lowland rainforests: A preliminary assessment', Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 230, 1–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, C. J.: 1986, Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources, McGraw Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. E., Ascorra, C. F. and Solari, S.: 1996a, ‘Bats as Indicators of Habitat Disturbance', in D. E. Wilson and A. Sandoval (eds), Manu: The Biodiversity of Southeastern Peru, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. E., Cole, F. R., Nichols, J. D., Rudran, R. and Foster, M. S. (eds): 1996b, Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Mammals, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S. J., Gompper, M. E. and Deleon, B.: 1994, ‘Are large predators keystone species in neotropical forests? The evidence from Barro Colorado Island', Oikos 71(2), 279–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahner, R. H.: 1992, ‘Dynamics of a small mammal community in a fragmented forest', Amer. Mid. Natur. 127(2), 381–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahner, R. H. and Smith, H. R.: 1991, ‘Small mammal abundance and habitat relationships on deciduous forested sites with different susceptibility to gypsy moth defoliation', Environ. Manage. 15(1), 113–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, T. L.: 1985, ‘The role of voucher specimens in mammal collections: Characterization and funding responsibilities', Acta Zool. Fennica 170, 81–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, T. L., Barber, W. R. and Armstrong, D. M.: 1987, ‘Survey of North American collections of recent mammals', J. Mammal. 68(suppl.), 1–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, T. L., Jones, C. and Cook, J. A.: 1996, ‘Appendix 3: Preservation of Voucher Specimens', in D. E. Wilson, F. R. Cole, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudran and M. S. Foster (eds), Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods forMammals, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jesús María, Lima, Lima, 14, Peru

    Sergio Solari, Juan José Rodriguez, Elena Vivar & Paul M. Velazco

Authors
  1. Sergio Solari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Juan José Rodriguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elena Vivar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paul M. Velazco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Solari, S., Rodriguez, J.J., Vivar, E. et al. A Framework for Assessment and Monitoring of Small Mammals in a Lowland Tropical Forest. Environ Monit Assess 76, 89–104 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015272905263

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015272905263

Search

Navigation