Abstract
Substance abuse prevention has grown from a grassroots movement and a topic of marginal academic interest into full-fledged technology. Central to the success of this technology has been the development of evaluation methods for documenting the effectiveness of programs and policies. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in program evaluation for substance abuse prevention efforts. Included in this review is a discussion of approaches to process, outcome, and impact evaluation. Evaluation designs are reviewed with attention given to topics such as recruitment and retention of sites and participants, defining interventions, data collection, controlling for rival explanations, and data analysis and reporting.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Bandura. A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175–1184.
Bangert-Drowns, R. L. (1988). The effects of school-based substance abuse education:Ameta-analysis. Journal of Drug Education, 18, 243–264.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
Bosworth, K., Gingiss, P. M., Potthoff, S., & Roberts-Gray, C. (1999). A Bayesian model to predict the success of the implementation of health and education innovations in school-centered programs. Evaluation and Program Planning, 22, 1–11.
Botvin, G. J., Baker E, Dusenbury, L, Botvin, E. M., & Diaz, T. (1995). Long-term follow-up results of a randomized drug abuse prevention trial in a white middle-class population. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1106–1112.
Botvin, G. J., Dusenbury, L., Baker, E., James-Ortiz S, & Kerner J. (1989). A skills training approach to smoking prevention among Hispanic youth. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(3), 279–296.
Bruvold, W. H. (1990). A meta-analysis of the California school-based risk reduction program. Journal of Drug Education, 20(2), 139–52.
Campbell, D. T., Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Cook, T. D., Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and Analysis for Field Settings. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Cook, T. D., Cooper, H., Cordray, D. D., Hartmann, H., Hedges, L. V., Light, R. J., Louis, T., & Mosteller, F. (Eds.). (1992). Meta-analysis for explanation: A casebook. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Cooper, H. (1984). The integrative research review: A systematic approach. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1994). The Handbook of Research Synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Durlak, J. A., & Lipsey, M. W. (1991). A practitioner's guide to meta-analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19(3), 291–333.
Ellickson, P. L., & Bell, R. M. (1990). Drug prevention in junior high: A multi-site longitudinal test. Science, 247, 1299–1305.
Ennett, S., Tobler, N., Ringwalt, C., & Flewelling, R. (1994). How effective is drug abuse resistance education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations. American Journal of Public Health, 84(9), 1394–1401.
Evans, R. I., Hansen, W. B., & Mittelmark, M. B. (1977). Increasing the validity of self-reports of behavior in a smoking-in-children investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 521–523.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Row Peterson: Evanston, IL.
Glass, G. V., McGaw, B., & Smith, M. L. (1981). Meta-Analysis in Social Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hansen, W. B. (1991). The science and art of organizational recruitment. Health Education Research, 6(3), 7–9.
Hansen, W. B. (1992). School-based substance abuse prevention: A review of the state of the art curriculum 1980–1990. Health Education Research, 7(3), 403–430.
Hansen, W. B., & Collins, LM. (1994). Seven ways to increase power without increasing N. In L. M. Collins & L. A. Seitz (Eds.), Advances in Data Analysis for Prevention Intervention Research. NIDA Research Monograph #142. Advances in Data Analysis for Prevention Intervention Research. NIH Publication # 94-3599, (pp 184–195) Rockville, MD: NIH.
Hansen, W. B., & Graham, J. W. (1991). Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: Peer pressure resistance training vs. establishing conservative norms. Preventive Medicine, 20, 414–430.
Hansen, W. B., & Kaftarian, S. J. (1994). Strategies for comparing multiple-site evaluations under nonequivalent design conditions. Journal of Community Psychology, Special Issue,170–187.
Hansen, W. B., Malotte, C. K., & Fielding, J. E. (1985). The Bogus Pipeline revisited: the use of the threat of detection as a means of increasing self-reports of tobacco use. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(4), 789–791.
Hansen, W. B., & McNeal, R. B. (1996). The law of maximum expected potential effect: Constraints placed on program effectiveness by mediator relationships. Health Education Research, 11(4), 501–507.
Hansen, W. B., & McNeal, R. B. (1999). Drug education practice: Results of an observational study. Health Education Research. 14(1), 85–97.
Hansen, W. B., Tobler, N. S., & Graham, J.W. (1990). Attrition in substance abuse prevention research: A meta-analysis of 85 longitudinally followed cohorts. Evaluation Review, 14(6), 677–685.
Harachi T. W., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F., Haggerty, K. P., & Fleming, C. B. (1999). Opening the black box: Using process evaluation measures to assess implementation and theory building. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(5), 711–731.
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical Methods for Meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Heider, F. (1944). Social perception and phenomenal causality. Psychological Review, 51, 358–374.
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
Hingson, R., Heeren, T., & Winter,M. (1996). Lowering state legal blood alcohol limits to 0.08%: The effect on fatal motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Public Health, 86(9), 1297–9.
Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1990). Methods of Meta-analysis. Newbury Park: Sage.
Hunter, J., Schmidt, F., & Jackson, G. (1982). Meta-Analysis: Cumulating Research Findings Across Studies. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2000). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–1999. Volume I: Secondary School Students. (NIH Publication # 00-4802). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602–619.
MacKinnon, D. P. (1994). Analysis of mediating variables in prevention intervention studies. In A. Cazares and L. A. Beatty (Eds.), Scientific Methods for Prevention Intervention Research. Research Monograph 139. DHHS Pub. 94-3631 (pp. 127–153). Washington, DC: NIDA.
McNeal, R. B., & Hansen, W. B. (1995). An examination of strategies for gaining convergent validity in natural experiments: D.A.R.E. as an illustrative case study. Evaluation Review, 19(2), 141–158.
Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (1991). Motivational Interviewing. The Guilford Press: London.
Pentz, M. A., MacKinnon, D. P., Flay, B. R., Hansen, W. B., Johnson, C. A., & Dwyer, J. H. (1989). Primary prevention of chronic diseases in adolescence: Effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project on tobacco use. American Journal of Epidemiology, 130(4), 713–724.
Pentz, M. A., Trebow, E. A., Hansen, W. B., MacKinnon, D. P., Dwyer, J. H., & Johnson, C. A. (1990). Effects of program implementation on adolescent drug use behavior: The Midwestern Prevention Project. Evaluation Review, 14, 264–289.
Rogers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of Innovations, (3rd Ed., originally published in 1962). New York: Free Press.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. Free Press, New York.
Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic Procedures for Social Research (Revised). Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
Schmidt, F. L. (1992). What do data really mean? American Psychologist, 47, 1173–1181.
Simon, S., & Kirschenbaum, H. (1992). Values Clarification.Hart: New York.
Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (1994). Effective recruitment of parents into family-focused prevention research: A comparison of two strategies. Psychology and Health: An International Journal, 9, 353–370.
Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (1995). Parent motivation to enroll in parenting skills programs: A model of family context and health belief predictors. Journal of Family Psychology, 9(3), 294–310.
Tobler, N. S. (1986). Meta-analysis of 143 adolescent drug prevention programs: quantitative outcome results of program participants compared to a control or comparison group. Journal of Drug Issues, 16, 537–567.
Tobler, N. S., & Stratton, H. H. (1997). Effectiveness of school-based drug prevention programs: A meta-analysis of the research. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 18, 71–128.
Turner, C. F., Ku, L., Rogers, S. M., Lindberg, L. D., Pleck, J. H.,& Sonenstein, F. L. (1998). Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: Increased reporting with computer survey technology. Science, 280, 867–873.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hansen, W.B. Program Evaluation Strategies for Substance Abuse Prevention. The Journal of Primary Prevention 22, 409–436 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015231724053
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015231724053