Abstract
The fluxes recovered from washing branches and surrogatesurfaces were compared for two holm oak (Quercus ilex L.)forests in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain) differentiallyexposed to pollution. For 5 periods in May and June 1996 afterexposures ranging between 68–189 hr, 6 metacrylate plates and 8branches were extracted with distilled water. Also, a sequentialwashing of branches was undertaken, with 5 min separationsbetween the 3 initial washes, one hour between the 3rd and the4th, and 6 hr between the 4th and the last one. The compositionwas analysed for PO4 3-, SO4 2-,NO3 -, Cl, F, NH4 +,Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cu, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni and Zn. The applied techniques were consistent in that dry deposition would accountfor the throughfall fluxes of NO3 -, Cl-,Cu and Zn. Potassium and Mn would derive mostly from leaching and their fluxes were strongly related with the holm oak flower growth. ForMg2+ and SO4 2- either leaching or impaction of small particles or gases (for SO4 2-) could account forthe recovered fluxes. Also for Na+ and Ca2+ the experiments did not produce conclusive results. Ammonium, F, Pb,Co, and Na were under the detection limit of analyticaltechniques in the plate-wash. The exposed site presented higherleaf-wash and plate-wash fluxes for all elements. This wasattributed to its higher exposure to pollutants, and forleaching-derived elements, to its higher site fertility.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad-Shah, A. and Rieley, J. O.: 1989, ‘Influence of tree canopies on the quantity of water and amount of chemical elements reaching the peat surface of a basin mire in the midlands of England’, J. Ecology 7, 357–370.
Anonymous: 1998, ‘La qualitat de l'aire a Catalunya. Dades Manuals i automàtiques. Període: 1996–1997’, Direcció General de Qualitat Ambiental, Department de Medi Ambient, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, 151 pp.
Baldocchi, D. D., Hicks, B. B. and Camara, P.: 1987, ‘A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfaces’, Atmos. Environ. 21, 91–101.
Bellot, J.: 1989, ‘Análisis de los flujos de deposición global, trascolación, escorrentía cortical y deposición seca en el encinar mediterraneo de l'Avic (Sierra de Prades, Tarragona)’, Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat de Alicante, Alicante, 450 pp.
Bellot, J. and Escarré, A.: 1991, ‘Chemical characteristics and temporal variations of nutrients in throughfall and stemflow of three species in Mediterranean holm oak forest’, For. Ecol. Managem. 41, 125–135.
Bellot, J., Àvila, A. and Rodrigo, A.: 1999, ‘Throughfall and Stemflow’, in F. Rodà, J. Retana, C. A. Gracia and J. Bellot (eds), Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 209–220.
Bytnerowicz, A. and Fenn, M. E.: 1996, ‘Nitrogen deposition in California forests: A review’, Environ. Pollut 92, 127–146.
Bytnerowicz, A., Miller, P. R. and Olszyk, D. M.: 1987, ‘Dry deposition of nitrate, ammonium and sulfate to a Ceanothus crassifolius canopy and surrogate surfaces’, Atmos. Environ. 21, 1749–1757.
Davidson. C. I., Lindberg, S. E., Schmidt, J. A., Cartwright, L. G. and Landis, L. R.: 1985, ‘Dry deposition of sulfate onto surrogate surfaces’, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 2123–2130.
Davidson, C. I. and Yee-Lin, W.: 1990, ‘Dry Deposition of Particles and Vapors’, in S. E. Lindberg, A. L. Page and S. A. Norton (eds), Acidic Precipitation: Sources, Deposition and Canopy Interactions, Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 101–216.
Eaton, J. S., Likens, G. E. and Bormann, F. H.: 1973, ‘Throughfall and stemflow chemistry in a northern barwood forest’, J. Ecology 61, 495–508.
Fahey, T. J., Yavitt, J. B. and Joyce, G.: 1988, ‘Precipitation and throughfall chemistry in Pinus contorta ssp latifolia ecosystems, southeastern Wyoming’, Can. J. For. Res. 18, 337–345.
Geigert, M. A., Nikolaidis, N. P., Miller, D. R. and Heitert, J.: 1994, ‘Deposition rates for sulfur and nitrogen to a hardwood forest in northern Connecticut U.S.A.’, Atmos. Environ. 28, 1689–1697.
Heinrichs, H. and Mayer, R.: 1980, ‘The role of forest vegetation in the biogeochemical cycle of heavy metals’, J. Environ. Qual. 9, 111–118.
Hereter, A.: 1990, ‘Els Sòls Forestals del Massís del Montseny’, Ph.D. Thesis, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 292 pp.
Hicks, B. B., Hosker Jr., R. P., Meyers, T. P. and Womack, J. D.: 1991, ‘Dry deposition inferential measurement techniques. I. Design and tests of a prototype meteorological and chemical system for determining dry deposition’, Atmos. Environ. 25A, 2345–2359.
Lee, E. J., Kenkel, N. and Booth, T.: 1996, ‘Atmospheric deposition of macronutrients by pollen in the boreal forest’, Ecoscience 3, 304–309.
Lindberg, S. E.: 1992, ‘Atmospheric Deposition and Canopy Interactions of Sulfur’, in D. W. Johnson and S. E. Lindberg (eds), Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling, Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 74–90.
Lindberg, S. E. and Lovett, G. M.: 1985, ‘Field measurements of particle dry deposition rates to foliage and inert surfaces in a forest canopy’, Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 238–244.
Lindberg, S. E. and Lovett, G. M.: 1992, ‘Deposition and forest canopy interactions of airbone sulphur: Results from the integrated forest study’, Atmos. Environ. 26A, 1477–1492.
Lindberg, S. E., Lovett, G. M., Richter, D. D. and Johnson, D. W.: 1986, ‘Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions in a forest’, Science 231, 141–145.
Lovett, G. M.: 1994, ‘Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and pollutants in North America: An ecological perspective’, Ecol. Appl. 4, 629–650.
Lovett, G. M. and Lindberg, S. E.: 1986, ‘Dry deposition of nitrate to a decidous forest’, Biogeochemistry 2, 137–148.
Lovett, G. M. and Lindberg, S. E.: 1993, ‘Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of nitrogen in forests’, Can. J. For. Res. 23, 1603–1616.
Mahendrappa, M. K. and Ogden, E. D.: 1973, ‘Effects of fertilization of a black spruce stand on nitrogen contents of stemflow, throughfall and litterfall’, Can. J. For. Res. 3, 54–60.
Meyers, T. P. and Baldocchi, D. D.: 1988, ‘A comparison of models for deriving dry deposition fluxes of O3 and SO2 to a forest canopy’, Tellus 40B, 270–284.
Nicholson, K. W.: 1988, ‘The dry deposition of small particles: A review of experimental measurements’, Atmos. Environ. 22, 2653–2666.
Noll, K. E. and Khalili, E.: 1988, ‘Dry deposition of sulfate associated with pollen’, Atmos. Environ. 22, 601–604.
Parker, G. G.: 1983, ‘Throughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle’, Adv. Ecol. Res. 13, 57–133.
Potter, C. S. and Ragsdale, H. L.: 1991, ‘Dry deposition washoff from forest tree leaves by experimental acid rainfall’, Atmos. Environ. 25A, 341–349.
Puckett, L. J.: 1990, ‘Estimates of ion sources in decidous and coniferous throughfall’, Atmos. Environ. 24A, 545–555.
Ragsdale, K. L., Lindberg, S. E., Lovett, G. M. and Schaefer, D, A.: 1992, ‘Atmospheric Deposition and Throughfall Fluxes of Base Cations’, in D. W. Johnson and S. E. Lindberg (eds), Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling, Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 236–253.
Rapp, M.: 1969, ‘Apport d'éléments minéraux au soil par les eaux de pluviolessivage sous des peuplements de Quercus ilex L., Quercus lanuginosa Lamk. et Pinus halepensis Mill.’, Oecol. Plant. 4, 71–92.
Rodà, F.: 1983, ‘Biogeoquímica de les aigüs de pluja i de drenatge en alguns ecosistemes forestals del Montseny’, Ph. D. Thesis, Departament de Biol. Animal, Vegetal y Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 650 pp.
Rodà, F., Àvila, A. and Bonilla, D.: 1990, ‘Precipitation, throughfall, soil solution and streamwater chemistry in a holm oak (Q. ilex)forest’, J. Hydrol. 116, 167–183.
Rodrigo, A.: 1998, ‘Deposició atmosfèrica en dos alzinars (Quercus ilex L.) del Montseny sotmesos a una exposició contrastada de contaminants de l'àrea barcelonina i vallesana’, Ph.D. Thesis, Departament de Biol. Animal, Vegetal y Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 330 pp.
Rodrigo, A., Àvila, A. and Gómez-Bolea, A.: 1999, ‘Trace metal contents in Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. compared to bulk deposition, throughfall and leaf-wash fluxes in two holm oak forests in Montseny (NE Spain)’, Atmos. Environ. 33, 359–367.
Sabaté, S., Sala, A. and Gracia, C.: 1999, ‘Leaf Traits and Canopy Organization’, in F. Rodà, J. Retana, C. Gracia and J. Bellot (eds), Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests, Springer, Berlin, pp. 121–133.
Shanley, J. B.: 1989, ‘Field measurements of dry deposition to spruce foliage and petri dishes in the black forest, F.R.G.’, Atmos. Environ. 23, 403–414.
Skrivan, P., Ruse, J., Fottova, D., Burian, M. and Minarik, L.: 1995, ‘Factors affecting the content of heavy metals in bulk atmospheric precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in Central Bohemia, Czech Republic’, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 85, 841–846.
Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J.: 1995, Biometry, 3rd ed., W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 887 pp.
Tsusumi, T. and Nishitani, Y.: 1984, ‘On the effects of soil fertility on the throughfall chemicals in a forest’, Japan. J. Ecol. 34, 321–330.
Vandenberg, J. J. and Knoerr, K. R.: 1985, ‘Comparison of surrogate surface techniques for estimation of sulfate dry deposition’, Atmos. Environ. 19, 627–635.
Xamena, J.: 1994, ‘Análisis de algunos compartimentos y flujos biogeoquímicos en el encinar mediterraneo de Menut (Serra de Tramuntana)’, Ph. D. Thesis, Departament de Biologia Ambiental, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 432 pp.
Yawney, H. W., Leaf, A. L. and Leonard, R. E.: 1978, ‘Nutrient content of throughfall and stemflow in fertilized and irrigated Pinus Resinosa (Ait.) stand’, Plant and Soil 50, 433–445.
Zöttl, H. W.: 1985, ‘Heavy metals and cycling in forest ecosystems’, Experientia 41, 1104–1113.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rodrigo, A., Àvila, A. Dry Deposition to the Forest Canopy and Surrogate Surfaces in Two Mediterranean Holm Oak Forests in Montseny (NE Spain). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 136, 269–288 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015220726924
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015220726924