Skip to main content
Log in

Adoption Research: An Assessment of Empirical Contributions to the Advancement of Adoption Practice

  • Published:
Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless

Abstract

This article examines the current state of adoption research as it applies to each member of the adoption triad. It includes a review of the research that has focused on birth mothers and fathers in both domestic and international adoptions; adopted children, adolescents, and adults; and adoptive parents. The paper also examines the areas of research in which a paucity of studies currently exist, and suggests that although major contributions to clinical practice and policy have been made, the dialogue should continue to seek to study issues such as international adoption and the adoption of children in foster care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Andujo, E. (1988). Ethnic identity of transethnically adopted Hispanic adolescents. Social Work, 37, 531-535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appell, A. R. (1996). The move toward legally sanctioned cooperative adoption: Can it survive the Uniform Adoption Act? Family Law Quarterly, 30, 483-518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, J. E. (2000). Alcohol related disorders and children adopted from abroad. In R. P. Barth, M. Freundlich, & D. Brodzinsky (Eds.), Adoption and prenatal alcohol and drug exposure: Research, policy and practice (pp. 147-170). Washington, DC: CWLA Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aumend, S., & Barrett, M. (1984). Self-concept and attitudes toward adoption: A comparison of searching and non-searching adult adoptees. Child Welfare, 63, 251-259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, C. A. (1986). Adoption plans, adopted children, and adoptive mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 243-253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, C. A., Adams, P. F., Sambrano, S., & London, K. A. (1990). Adoption in the 1980s. Advance data from vital and health statistics, No. 181. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, C. A., Stolley, K. S., & London, K. A. (1992). Relinquishment of premarital births: Evidence from national survey data. Family Planning Perspectives, 24, 27-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, S., Byrne, S., Morrison, M., & Spenser, M. (1998). Preparing for permanence. Assessment: Points to consider for those assessing potential adopters and foster carers. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth, R. P., & Berry, M. (1988). Adoption and disruption: Rates, risks, and responses. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belbas, N. (1987). Staying in touch: Empathy in open adoptions. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 57, 184-198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, M. (1991). The effects of open adoption on biological and adoptive parents and the children: The arguments and the evidence. Child Welfare, 70, 637-651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, M., Barth, R. P.,& Needell, B. (1996). Preparation, support and satisfaction of adoptive families in agency and independent adoptions. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 13, 157-183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, L. H. (1976). When adoptive families ask for help. Primary Care, 3, 241-249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, R. W., Resnick, M. D., & Stark, T. (1987). The impact of a parental notification law on adolescent abortion decision-making. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 619-620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohman, M. (1970). Adopted children and their families: A follow-up study of adopted children, their background environment, and adjustment. Stockholm, Sweden: Proprius.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohman, M., & Sigvardsson, S. (1990). Outcome in adoption: Lessons from longitudinal studies. In D. M. Brodzinsky & M. D. Schechter (Eds.), The psychology of adoption (pp. 93-106). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohman, M., & Von Knorring, A. L. (1979). Psychiatric illness among adults adopted as infants. Acia Paediatrica Scandinavica, 60, 106-112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgman, R. (1981). Antecedents and consequences of parental rights termination for abused and neglected children. Child Welfare, 60, 391-404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchier, P., Lambert, L., & Triseliotis, J. (1991). Parting with a child for adoption: The mother's perspective. London: British Association of Adoption and Fostering.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodzinksy, D. M. (1987). Adjustment to adoption: A psychosocial perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 25-47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodzinsky, D. M. (1993). Long term outcomes in adoption. The Future of Children, 3, 153-166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodzinsky, D., Smith, D. W., & Brodzinsky, A. B. (1998). Children's adjustment to adoption: Developmental and clinical issues. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, E. G., & Brieland, D. (1975). Adoptive screening: New data, new dilemmas. Social Work, 20, 291-295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, D. (1999). Open adoption: Who benefits? In C. Marshner & W. L. Pierce (Eds.), Adoption Factbook III (pp. 413-416). Washington, DC: National Council for Adoption.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadoret, R. J. (1990). Biologic perspectives of adoptee adjustment. In D. M. Brodzinsky & M. D. Schechter (Eds.), The psychology of adoption (pp. 25-41). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, W. B., Lipton, W. L., & Myers, R. A. (1974). Temperament in adopted and foster babies. Child Welfare, 53, 352-359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, A., Abma, J., Maza, P., & Bachrach, C. (1999). Adoption, Adoption Seeking, and Relinquishment for Adoption in the United States. Advance Data, 306. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlton, L., Crank, M., Kansara, K., & Oliver, C. (1998). Still Screaming: Birthparents compulsorily separated from their children. Manchester, England: After Adoption.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chippindale-Bakker, V., & Foster, L. (1996). Adoption in the 1990s: Sociodemographic determinants of biological parents choosing adoption. Child Welfare, 75, 337-355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchini, M. (1993). The development of responsibility: The experience of birth fathers in adoption. Sydney, Australia: Adoption Research and Counseling Services, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clapton, G. (1997). Birth fathers, the adoption process and fatherhood. Adoption & Fostering, 21, 29-36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Condon, J. T. (1986). Psychological disability in women who relinquish a baby for adoption. Medical Journal of Australia, 144, 117-119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, P. A. (1990). An ethnographic study of pregnancy counseling. Clinical Social Work Journal, 18, 243-256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushman, L. F., Kalmuss, D., & Namerow, P. B. (1993). Placing an infant for adoption: The experiences of young birth mothers. Social Work, 38, 264-272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby, J. T., Fox, S., & Haslam, R. H. (1982). Adoption and foster care rates in pediatric disorders. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 3, 61-64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C., & Leeding, A. (1980). Access to birth records: The impact of section 26 of the children Act 1975 (Research Series No. 1). London: Association of British Adoption and Fostering Agencies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deykin, E. Y., Campbell, L., & Patti, P. (1984). The post adoption experience of surrendering parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54, 271-280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deykin, E. Y., Patti, P., & Ryan, J. (1988). Fathers of adopted children: A study on the impact of child surrender on birthfathers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58, 240-248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, I. R., Heffron, W. M., & Parker, C. (1990). Children from disrupted and adoptive homes on an inpatient unit. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 594-602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, G. J., & Hoffman, S. D. (1990). Teenage welfare receipt and subsequent dependence among black adolescent mothers. Family Planning Perspectives, 22, 16-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, R. J., Harding, J. T., & Schreiber, N. B. (1993). Parenting or placing: Decision-making by pregnant teens. Youth & Society, 25, 75-92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. S. (1995). Transformation of motherhood in adoption: The experiences of relinquishing mothers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Florida, Jacksonville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etter, J. (1993). Levels of cooperation and satisfaction in 56 open adoptions. Child Welfare, 72, 257-267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. (1999). Survey of adult Korean adoptees: Report on the findings. New York: Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. (2000). Survey of adult Vietnamese adoptees. New York: Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finley, G. E. (1999). Children of adoptive families. In W. K. Silverman & T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), Developmental Issues in Clinical Treatment of Children (pp. 359-370). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fratter, J. (1991). Parties in the triangle. Adoption and Fostering, 15, 91-98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freundlich, M., & Lieberthal, J. K. (2000). The impact of adoption on members of the triad. Washington, DC: CWLA Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisk, M. (1964). Identity problems and confused conceptions of the genetic ego in adopted children during adolescence.Acta Paedo Psychiatrica, 31, 6-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furstenberg, F., Jr., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Morgan, S. P. (1987). Adolescent mothers in later life. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, M. (1983). Why terminate parental rights. Stanford Law Review, 35, 423-437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geber, G., & Resnick, M. D. (1988). Family functioning of adolescents who parent and place for adoption. Adolescence, 23, 417-428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goebels, B., & Lott, S. L. (1986, August 23). Adoptees' resolution of the adolescent identity crisis: Where are the taproots? Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

  • Gross, H. E. (1993). Open adoption: A research-based literature review and new data. Child Welfare, 72, 269-284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grotevant, H. D., & McRoy, R. G. (1997). The Minnesota/Texas Adoption Research Project: Implications of openness in adoption for development and relationships. Applied Developmental Science, 1, 168-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grotevant, H. D., & McRoy, R. G. (1998). Openness in adoption: Exploring family connections. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajal, F., & Rosenberg, E. B. (1991). The family life cycle in adoptive families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 78-85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, J., & Tizard, B. (1989). IQ and behavioral adjustment of ex-institutional adolescents. Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 53-75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofferth, S. L. (1987). Social and economic consequences of teenage childbearing. In S. L. Hofferth & C. D. Hayes (Eds.), Risking the future: Adolescent sexuality, pregnancy and childbearing (Vol. 2, pp. 123-144). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, N. L. (1991). Adoption and eating disorders: A high-risk group? British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 829-833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollinger, J. H. (1998). Openness and adoptive family autonomy: Implications for adoption law & practice. Paper presented at the Conference of the Association of Administrators of the Interstate Compact on Adoption and Medical Assistance, Oklahoma City, OK.

  • Hollinger, J. H. (2000). Authenticity and identity in contemporary adoptive families. Journal of Gender Specific Medicine, 18, 36-42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoopes, J. L. (1990). Adoption and identity formation. In D. Brodzinsky & M. Schechter (Eds.), The psychology of adoption (pp. 144-166). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, B. (1995). Openness and contact in adoption: A child-centered perspective. British Journal of Social Work, 25, 729-747.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, B., & Logan, J. (1993). Birth parents: The hidden dimension. Manchester, England: University of Manchester, Department of Social Policy and Social Work.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K., Banghan, H., & Liyao, W. (1998). Infant abandonment and adoption in China. Population and Development Review, 24, 469-510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalmuss, D. (1992). Adoption and black teenagers: The viability of a pregnancy resolution strategy. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 485-495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowal, K. A., & Schilling, K. M. (1985). Adoption through the eyes of adult adoptees. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 354-362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, J., & Gross, S. (1964). Review of the psychiatric literature on adopted children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 11, 663-694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy-Shiff, R., Bar, O., & Har-Even, D. (1990). Psychological adjustment of adoptive parents-to-be. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 258-267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leynes, C. (1980). Keep or adopt: A study of factors influencing pregnant adolescents' plans for their babies. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 11, 105-113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lifton, B. J. (1994). Journey of the adopted self: A quest for wholeness. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightman, E., & Schlesinger, B. (1982). Pregnant adolescents in maternity homes: Some professional concerns. In R. R. Stuart & C. F. Wells (Eds.), Pregnancy in adolescence: Needs, problems, and management (pp. 363-406). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipman, E. L., Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., & Racine, Y. A. (1993). Follow-up of psychiatric and educational morbidity among adopted children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1007-1012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lücker-Babel, M. F. (1990). Intercountry adoption and trafficking in children: An initial assessment of the adequacy of the international protection of children and their rights. Geneva, Switzerland: Defence for Children International.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHutchinson, J. (1986). Relinquishing a child: The circumstances and effects of loss. Unpublished paper, University of New South Wales, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRoy, R. G., Zurcher, L. A., Lauderdale, M. L., & Anderson, R. E. (1982). Self-esteem and racial identity in transracial and inracial adoptees. Social Work, 27, 522-526.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRoy, R. G., & Grotevant, H. D. (1988). Open adoptions: Practice and policy issues. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 6, 119-132.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRoy, R. G., Grotevant, H. D., & Zurcher, L. A. (1988). The development of emotional disturbance in adopted adolescents: Origins and development. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhinnie, A. M. (1969). The adopted child in adolescence. In G. Caplan & S. Lebovice (Eds.), Adolescence (pp. 122-143). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhinnie, A. M. (1994). The concept of open adoption-how valid is it. In A. McWhinnie & J. Smith (Eds.), Current human dilemmas in adoption (pp. 112-132).Dundee, Scotland. University of Dundee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquis, K. S., & Detweiler, R. A. (1985). Does adoption mean different? An attributional analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1054-1066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, M. M. (1995a). Bringing birthfathers into the adoption loop. Roots and Wings, October-December, 27-30.

  • Mason, M. M. (1995b). Out of the shadows: Birthfathers' stories. Edina, MN: O. J. Howard Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, K., & Selman, P. (1997). Birth parents' experiences of contested adoption. Adoption & Fostering, 21, 21-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikawa, J. K., & Boston, J. A. (1968). Psychological characteristics of adopted children. Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement, 42, 274-281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J., & Fombonne, E. (1999). Psychopathology in adopted and nonadopted children: A clinical sample. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 403-409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mott, F., & Marsiglio, W. (1985). Early childbearing and completion of high school. Family Planning Perspectives, 17, 234-237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namerow, P. B., Kalmuss, D. S., & Cushman, L. F. (1993). The determinants of young women's pregnancy-resolutionchoices. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3, 193-215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norvell, M., & Guy, R. F. (1977). A comparison of self-concept in adopted and nonadopted adolescents. Adolescence, 12, 274-448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilotti, F. J. (1993). Intercountry adoption pp Trends, issues and policy implications for the 1990s. In F. J. Pilotti (Ed.), Childhood (Vol. I, pp. 165-177). Montevideo, Uruguay: Instituto Interamericano del Niño.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R., & DeFries, J. C. (1985). Origins of individual differences in infancy: The Colorado Adoption Project. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, M. D. (1984). Studying adolescent mothers' decision making about adoption and parenting. Social Work, 29, 5-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. F., Eisnitz, M. F., Chiappise, D., &Walsh, M. (1976). Personality factors differentiating searching and non-searching adoptees. Paper presented at the 84th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

  • Rickarby, G. A., & Egan, P. (1980). Issues of preventive work with adopted adolescents. Medical Journal of Australia, 1, 470-472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogeness, G. A., Hoppe, S. K., Macedo, C. A., Fischer, C., & Harris, W. R. (1988). Psychopathology in hospitalized adopted children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 628-631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohner, R. P. (1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Bevety Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, E. B. (1992). The adoption life cycle: The children and their families through the years. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotundo, E. A. (1985). American fatherhood: A historical perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 7-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rycus, J. S., Hughes, R. C., & Goodman, D. A. (1998). Adoption. In J. S. Rycus & R. C. Hughes (Eds.), Field guide to child welfare (Vol. 4, pp. 881-1038). Washington, DC: CWLA Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabalis, R. F.,& Burch, E. A. (1980). Comparisons of psychiatric problems of adopted and nonadopted patients. Southern Medical Journal, 73, 867-868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandelowski, M. (1995). A theory of the transition to parenthood of infertile couples. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 123-132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sants, H. J. (1964). Genealogical bewilderment in children with substitute parents. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 37, 133-141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M. (1960). Observations on adopted children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 3, 21-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M., & Bertocci, D. (1990). The meaning of search. In D. Brodzinsky & M. Schechter (Eds.), The psychology of adoption (pp. 62-92). New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M. D., Carlson, P., Simmons, J., & Work, H. (1964). Emotional problems in the adoptee. Archives in General Psychiatry, 10, 37-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenberg, C. (1974). On adoption and identity. Child Welfare, 53, 549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellick, C., & Thoburn, J. (1996). What works in family placement? Essex, England: Barnardo's.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, A. R., McGue, M. K., & Benson, P. L. (1996a). The emotional and behavioral adjustment of United States adopted adolescents. Part I: A comparison study. Children and Youth Services Review, 18, 77-94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, A. R., McGue, M. K., & Benson, P. L. (1996b). The emotional and behavioral adjustment of United States adopted adolescents. Part II: Age at adoption. Children and Youth Services Review, 18, 95-108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, A. R., McGue, M. K., & Benson, P. L. (1998). The psychological adjustment of United States adopted adolescents and their nonadopted siblings. Child Development, 69, 791-802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. H. (1993). Open adoption of infants: Adoptive parents' perceptions of advantages and disadvantages. Social Work, 38, 15-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver, L. B. (1970). Frequency of adoption in children with neurological learning disability syndrome. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3, 10-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver, L. B. (1989). Frequency of adoption of children and adolescents with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 325-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, D. R., & Demick, J. (1994). Toward and organizational-relational model of open adoption. Family Process, 33, 111-124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, R. J., & Alstein, H. (1992). Adoption, race and identity: From infancy through adolescence. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, N. M., & Senturia, A. G. (1966). Adoption and psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 858-867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, I. M., Brodzinsky, D. M., Ramsey, D. R., Steir, M., & Waters, E. (1985). Mother-infant attachment in adoptive families. Child Development, 56, 1543-1551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. L., & Howard, J. A. (1994). The adoption preservation project. Normal, IL: Illinois State University Department of Social Work.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobol, M. P., & Cardiff, J. (1983). A sociopsychological investigation of adult adoptees' search for birth parents. Family Relations, 32, 477-483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorosky, A. D., Baran, A., & Pannor, R. (1975). Identity conflicts in adoptees. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 45, 18-27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorosky, A. D., Baran, A., & Pannor, R. (1984). The adoption triangle. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, L. M., & Hoopes, J. L. (1985). Identity formation in the adopted adolescent. New York: Child Welfare League of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strobino, D. M. (1987). The health and medical consequences of adolescent sexuality and pregnancy: A review of the literature. In S. L. Hoffert & C. D. Hayes (Eds.), Risking the future: Adolescent sexuality, pregnancy and childbearing (Vol. 2, pp. 93-122). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, L. A., & Plomin, R. (1988). The sequenced inventory of communication development: An adoption study of two and three-year olds. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 11, 219-231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triseliotis, J. (1973). In search of origins: The experience of adopted people. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triseliotis, J., & Hill, M. (1990). Contrasting adoption, foster care, and residential rearing. In D. M. Brodzinsky & M. D. Schechter (Eds.), The psychology of adoption (pp. 107-120). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Keppel. M., & Winkler, R. (1983). The adjustment of relinquishing mothers in adoption-the results of a national study. Paper presented to the First NSCMC and ARMS conference, Melbourne, Australia.

  • Verhulst, F. C., Althaus, M. S., & Versluisden Bieman, H. J. M. (1990a). Problem behavior in international adoptees: I. An epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 94-103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F. C., Althaus, M., & Versluisden Bieman, H. J. M. (1990b). Problem behavior in international adoptees: II. Age at placement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 518-524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F. C., & Versluisden Bieman, H. J. M. (1992). Damaging backgrounds: Later adjustment of international adoptees. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 518-524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F. C., & Versluisden Bieman, H. J. M. (1995). Developmental course of problem behaviors in adolescent adoptees. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 151-158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, S. B. (1992). Lower threshold for referral for psychiatric treatment for adopted adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 512-517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegar, K. (1997). Adoption, identity, and kinship: The debate over sealed birth records. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub, M., & Konstam, V. (1995). Birthmothers: Silent relationships. Affilia, 10, 315-327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, S. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder in birth mothers. Adoption & Fostering, 17, 22-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, R., & Van Keppel, M. (1984). Relinquishing mothers in adoption: Their long term adjustment (Monograph #3). Melbourne, Australia: Institute of Family Studies.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Freundlich, M. Adoption Research: An Assessment of Empirical Contributions to the Advancement of Adoption Practice. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 11, 143–166 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014363901799

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014363901799

Navigation