Abstract
Mountain rural sites can be subject to high ozone concentrations (Puxbaum et al., 1991; Gay, 1991; Sandroni,1994) that can lead to plant injuries. Very often, unfortunately,such sites do not have a sufficient number of monitoring stations to accurately capture the spatial patterns and temporal evolution of ozone concentrations. The present studyaims at the reproduction of ozone patterns in a forest site onthe southern slopes of the Alps. The calculation of ozone concentrations has been carried out for a three days episode,by using the CALGRID model. Meteorological fields have been obtained by the application of the CALMET model. Emissions have been calculated for the main sources categories in the area (biogenic and road transport), with a bottom up techniqueand derived from a regional inventory for minor sources. Finally, boundary conditions have been derived from a simulation performed over a larger area (240 × 232 km2). The CALGRID model application has provided realistic ground-level concentrations. However, some differences have been spotted between estimated and observedconcentrations, particularly at nighttime, when concentrationsare more influenced by local effects. The methodology used andresults obtained are presented, the comparison with measurements and the temporal evolution of ozone vertical profile in different locations of the domain is discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahlvik, P., Eggleston, S., Goriβ en, N., Hassel, D., Hickman, A.-J., Joumard. R., Ntziachristos, L., Rijkeboer, R., Samaras, Z. and Zierock, K.-H.: 1997, COPERT II–Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport–Methodology and Emission Factors. Final Draft Report for European Environment Agency-European Topic Center on Air Emission.
Ballarin Denti, A., Dell'Era, R., Gerosa, G., Pirovano, G. and Simoni, P.: 1998, ‘Tropospheric Ozone in a Mountain Forest Area: Spatial Distribution and its Relation with Meteorology and Emission Sources’ in H. Power, C. Ratto, C.A. Brebbia (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference Air Pollution 98, Genova, Italy, September 1998.
Bedogni, M.: 1998, Il Modello per il Calcolo delle Emissioni da Traffico ‘EMITR’ Versione 4.0, Final Internal Report, A.S.L. Città di Milano, Province of Milan.
Bistacchi, S., Comi, W. and Pellegrini, U.: 1998, Campagna di misura con pallone frenato presso tre siti della Valtellina (Luglio 1988). ENEL SRI/PAM–Internal report PAM 1998-0073.
Broder, B. and Gygax, H. A.: 1985,’ Influence of Locally Induced Wind System on the Effectiveness of Nocturnal Dry Deposition of Ozone’ Atmospheric Environment 19(10), 1627-1637.
Calori, G., Silibello, C., Volta, M., Brusasca, G. and Carmichael, G. R.: 1998, ‘Application of a photochemical modelling system to an intense ozone episode over Northern Italy’ Proceedings of the international APMS '98, Paris, 26–29. October, 1998.
Carter, W. P. L.: 1988, Documentation of a Gas Phase Photochemical Mechanism for Use in Airshed Modeling. Appendix B of final report prepared by SAPRC on contract A5-122-32 for California Air Resource Board, Sacramento, CA.
Carter, W. P. L.: 1990,’ A Detailed Mechanism for the Gas-phase Atmospheric Reactions of Organic Compounds’ Atmospheric Environment 24A(3), 481-518.
CISE: 1996 ‘Disaggregazione spaziale, temporale e dei composti organici volatili del censimento delle emissioni CORINAIR 1990. Applicazione alla Regione Lombardia’ ('spatial and temporal disaggregation, VOC speciation of CORINAIR 1990 emission inventory data. Application to the Lombardy Region'), CISE-SAA-96–89 Final Report under Lombardy Region contract 116.
CORINAIR-CORINE: 1995 Corinair Technical Annexes, Vol. 1, Nomenclature and Software.
Gay, M. J.: 1991, ‘Meteorological and Altitudinal Influences on the Concentration of Ozone at Great Dun Fell’ Atmospheric Environment 25A, N. 9, 1767-1779.
Gerosa, G., Spinazzi F., Ballarin Denti, A.: ‘Tropospheric Ozone in Alpine Forest Sites: 1. Air PollutionMonitoring and Statistical Analysis’ Proceedings of the International Meeting IUFRO 1998, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 1998, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus, (in press).
Lamb, B, Gay D. and Westberg, H.: 1993, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 27A, n° 11, pp. 1673-1690.
Loibl, W., Winiwonter, W., Kopsca, A. and Zueger, J.: 1994, ‘Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Ozone Concentrations in Complex Terrain’ Atmospheric Environment 28(16), 2557-2566.
Morselli, M.,G., Calori, G., Finardi, S. and Mazzola, C.: 1997, ‘A 3-D Wind and Temperature Pre-Processor for ATD Models’ Int. J. Environment and Pollution 8, Nos. 3–6.
Pirovano, G., Brusasca, G., Calori, G., Finardi, S., Lena, F., Longhetto, A. and Morselli, M. G.: 1999, ‘Meteorological input for photochemical model in Milano region’ in P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell (eds), Proc. EUROTRAC '98, WITpress, Southampton, 1999, pp 767-771.
Puxbaum, H., Gabler, K., Smidt, S. and Glattes, F.: 1991, ‘A One Year Record of Ozone Profiles in an Alpine Valley’ Atmospheric Environment 25A, 1759-1766.
Sandroni, S., Bacci, P., Boffa, G., Pellegrin, U. and Ventura, A.: 1994. ‘Tropospheric Ozone in the Pre-alpine and Alpine Regions’ The Science of Total Environment 156, 169-182.
Scire, J. S., Yamartino, R. J., Carmichael, G. R. and Chang, Y. S.: 1989, CALGRID: A Mesoscale Photochemical Grid Model. Vol. I: Model Formulation Document and Vol. II: User's Guide, Final report on contract A6-215–74 for the CARB, Sacramento, CA.
Scire, J. S., Insley, E. M. and Yamartino, R. J.: 1990, Model Formulation and User's Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model. California Air Resources Board, Report no A025-1.
Sluyter and van Zantvoort: 1996 Information document concernig air pollution by ozone–Overview of the situation in the European Union during the 1996 summer season (April–July). Report to the Commission by the EEA–European Topic Centre on Air Quality, EEA Website.
Vecchi, R. and Valli, G.: 1999, ‘Ozone Assessment in the Southern Part of the Alps’ Atmospheric Environment 33, 97-109.
Veldt, C.: 1990, CORINAIR Technical Annexes, Default emission factors from nature, pp. 101-128.
Yamartino, R. J., Scire, J. S., Carmichael, G. R.and Chang, Y. S.: 1992, ‘The CALGRID Mesoscale Photochemical Grid Model–I. Model Formulation’ Atmospheric Environment 26A(8) 1493-1512.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pirovano, G., Simoni, P., Ballarin Denti, A. et al. Application of a Photochemical Model in Alpine Forest Sites. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 132, 233–249 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013238104937
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013238104937