Abstract
Modifications in the positive temperature coefficient in resistance (PTCR) of n-BaTiO3 ceramics are brought about by specific additives such as Al2O3, B2O3 or SiO2, leading to the segregation of secondary phases such as BaAl6TiO12, BaB6TiO12 or BaTiSi3O9 at the grain boundaries. Segregation of barium aluminotitanates resulted in broad PTCR curves, whereas B2O3 addition gave rise to steeper jumps and SiO2 addition did not result in much broadening compared with donor-only doped samples. Microstructural studies clearly show the formation of a structurally coherent expitaxial second phase layer of barium aluminotitanate surrounding the BaTiO3 grains. Electron paramagnetic resonance investigations indicated barium vacancies, VBa, as the major electron trap centres which are activated across the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition according to the process VX Ba + e′ ⇋ V′Ba. The grain size dependence of the intensity of the V′Ba signal indicated the concentration of these trap centers in the grain-boundary layer (GBL) regions. Further, the charge occupancy of these centres is modified by the secondary phases formed through grain-boundary segregation layers. BaAl6TiO12 gave rise to Al-O− hole centres whereas no paramagnetic centres corresponding to boron could be detected on B2O3 addition. Such secondary phases, forming epitaxial layers over the BaTiO3 grains, modify the GBL region, rich in electron traps, surrounding the grain core. The complex impedance analyses support this three-layer structure, showing the corresponding contributions to the total resistance which can be assigned as R g, R gb and R secondary phase. The epitaxial second phase layers bring about inhomogeneity in the spatial distribution of acceptor states between the grain boundary and the grain bulk resulting in extended diffuse phase transition characteristics for the GBL regions in n-BaTiO3 ceramics. This can cause the GBL regions to have different transition temperatures from the grain bulk and a spread in energy levels of the associated GBL trap states, thus modifying the PTCR curves. An attempt has been made to explain the results based on the vibronic interactions applied to the mid-band-gap states in n-BaTiO3.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
W. HEYWANG, J. Mater. Sci. 6 (1971) 1214.
B. HUYBRECHTS, K. ISHIZAKI and M. TAKATA, J. Mater. Sci. 30 (1995) 2463.
J. DANIELS and R. WERNICKE, Philips Res. Rep. 31 (1976) 544.
G. KOSCHEK and E. KUBALEK, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 68 (1985) 582.
G. KOSCHEK, DKG 66 (1989) 128.
G. V. LEWIS, C. R. A. CATLOW and R. E. W. CASSELTON, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 68 (1985) 555.
G. H. JONKER, Mater. Res. Bull. 2 (1967) 401.
H. IGARASHI, S. HAYAKAWA and K. OKAZAKI, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 20 (1981) 135.
M. KUWABARA, Solid State Electron 27 (1984) 929.
A. B. ALLES, V. R. W. AMARAKOON and V. L. BURDICK, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 72 (1989) 148.
T. TAKAHASHI, Y. NAKANO and N. ICHINOSE, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn 98 (1990) 879.
H. IHRIG, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 64 (1981) 617.
H. UEOKA and M. YODOGAWA, IEEE Trans. Manuf. Technol. 3 (1974) 77.
H. UEOKA, Ferroelectrics 7 (1974) 351.
Y. M. CHIANG and T. TAKAGI, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 73 (1990) 3286.
S. B. DESU and D. A. PAYNE, ibid. 73 (1990) 3416.
T. R. N. KUTTY, P. MURUGARAJ and N. S. GAJBHIYE, Mater. Res. Bull. 20 (1985) 565.
T. R. N. KUTTY, P. MURUGARAJ, Mater. Lett. 3 (1985) 195.
P. MURUGARAJ and T. R. N. KUTTY, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 5 (1986) 171.
Y. MATSUO, M. FUJIMURA, H. SASAKI, K. NAGASE and S. HAYAKAWA, Ceram. Bull. 47 (1968) 292.
Y. MATSUO and H. SASAKI, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 54 (1971) 471.
T. FUKAMI and H. TSUCHIYA, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 18 (1979) 735.
S. WADA and S. ATSUMI, US Patent 4,055,438 (1977).
N. FUJIKAWA and N. OTOKUMI, Ger. Offen. 1,941,280 (1978).
H. F. CHENG, J. Appl. Phys. 66 (1989) 1382.
V. RAVI and T. R. N. KUTTY, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 75 (1992) 203.
T. R. N. KUTTY, P. MURUGARAJ and N. S. GAJBHIYE, Mater. Lett. 2 (1984) 396.
V. RAVI and T. R. N. KUTTY, J. Appl. Phys. 68 (1990) 4891.
T. R. N. KUTTY and V. RAVI, Appl. Phys. Lett. 59 (1991) 2691.
K. KUDAKA, K. HOZUMI and K. SASAKI, Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 61 (1982) 1236.
N. S. GAJBHIYE and T. R. N. KUTTY, Bull. Electrochem. Soc. 2 (1986) 231.
S. S. EATON and G. R. EATON, Bull. Magn. Reson. 1 (1979) 130.
T. R. N. KUTTY and N. S. HARI, Mater. Lett. 34 (1998) 43.
M. DROFENIK, A. POPOVIC, L. IRMANCNIK, D. KOLAR and V. KARASEVEC, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 65 (1982) C203.
M. DROFENIK, A. POPOVIC and D. KOLAR, Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 63 (1984) 702.
N. H. CHAN and D. M. SMYTH, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 1584.
YU. L. DANILYUK and E. V. KHARITONOV, Sov. Phys.—Solid State 6 (1964) 260.
J. ZITKOVA, K. ZDANSKY and Z. SROUBECK, Czech. J. Phys. B 17 (1967) 636.
S. M. ARIYA, T. N. VERBITSKAYA, N. H. ENDEN and W. WINTRUFF, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn (Suppl.) 28 (1970) 131.
H. IKUSHIMA and S. HAYAKAWA, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 19 (1964) 1986.
M. NAKAHARA and T. MURAKAMI, J. Appl. Phys. 45 (1974) 9.
T. R. N. KUTTY, L. GOMATHI DEVI and P. MURUGARAJ, Mater. Res. Bull. 21 (1986) 1093.
T. R. N. KUTTY and N. S. HARI, Mater. Sci. Engng B (1998) (accepted).
D. C. SINCLAIR and A. R. WEST, J. Appl. Phys. 66 (1989) 3850.
E. IGUCHI, N. KUBOTA, T. NAKAMORI, N. YAMAMOTO and K. J. LEE, Phys. Rev. B 43 (1991) 8646.
C. GILLOT, J. P. MICHENAUD, M. MAGLIONE and B. JANNOT, Solid State Commun. 84 (1992) 1033.
N. S. HARI, P. PADMINI and T. R. N. KUTTY, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Elec. 8 (1997) 15.
G. A. SMOLENSKY, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn (Suppl.) 28 (1970) 26.
V. I. FRITSBERG, in Proceedings of the International Meeting on Ferroelectricity, Iliffa, Prague, 1 (1966) 163.
A. J. BURGGRAAF and K. KEIZER, Mater. Res. Bull. 10 (1975) 521.
P. MURUGARAJ, T. R. N. KUTTY and M. SUBBARAO, J. Mater. Sci. 21 (1986) 3521.
W. G. SPITZER, R. C. MILLER, D. A. KLEINMAN and L. E. HOWARTH, Phys. Rev. 126 (1962) 1710.
J. HARADA, J. D. AXE and G. SHIRANE, Phys. Rev. B 4 (1971) 155.
H. VOGT, J. Appl. Phys. (Suppl. 2) 24 (1985) 112.
H. VOGT, J. A. SANJURJO and G. ROSSBROICH, Phys. Rev. B 26 (1982) 5904.
M. T. MASON and B. T. MATHIAS, Phys. Rev. 74 (1948) 1622.
R. COMES, M. LAMBERT and A. GUINIER, Solid State Commun. 6 (1968) 715.
A. M. QUITTET, M. LAMBERT and A. GUINIER, Solid State Phys. 12 (1973) 1053.
K. H. ESHES, H. BOCK and K. FISHER, Ferroelectrics 37 (1981) 507.
K. A. MÜLLER, W. BERLINGER, K. W. BLAZEY and J. ALBERS, Solid State Commun. 61 (1987) 21.
K. INOUE, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (Suppl. 2) 24 (1985) 107.
Idem., J. Physique, Colloq. C6 42 (1981) 430.
K. A. MÜLLER and W. BERLINGER, Phys. Rev. B 34 (1986) 6130.
H. T. MARTIREN and J. L. BURFOOT, J. Phys. C 7 (1979) 3182.
W. KÄNZIG and N. MAIKAFF, Helv. Phys. Acta 24 (1954) 343.
T. R. N. KUTTY and V. RAVI, Mater. Sci. Engng B25 (1995) 119.
I. B. BERSUKER and B. G. VEKHTER, Ferroelectrics 19 (1978) 137.
T. R. N. KUTTY and N. S. HARI, J. Phys. D 28 (1995) 371.
E. I. BONDARENKO, A. N. PAVLOV, I. P. RAEVSKIL, O. I. PROKOPALD, S. M. EMELYANOV and R. F. TARASENKO, Sov. Phys.—Solid State 27 (1985) 1517.
G. LUCOVSKY, R. M. WHITE, J. A. BENDA and J. F. REVELLI, Phys. Rev. B 7 (1973) 3859.
V. V. SOBOLEV and V. I. DONESTKICH, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 45 (1971) K15.
R. ZALLEN and M. L. SLADE, Phys. Rev. B 9 (1974) 1627.
R. ZALLEN, ibid. Rev. 9 (1974) 4485.
K. KUMAZAKI and K. IMAI, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 149 (1988) K183.
A. SEGURA, F. POMER, A. CANTARERO, W. KRAUSE and A. CHEVY, Phys. Rev. B 29 (1984) 5708.
R. FIVAZ and E. MOOSER, Phys. Rev. A 136 (1964) 833.
A. SEGURA, J. P. GUESDON, J. M. BESSON and A. CHEVY, J. Appl. Phys. 54 (1983) 876.
S. H. WEMPLE, A. JAYARAMAN and M. DIDOMENICO Jr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17 (1966) 142.
S. H. WEMPLE, M. DIDOMENICO Jr and A. JAYARAMAN, Phys. Rev. 180 (1969) 547.
K. L. I. KOBAYASHI, Y. KATO, Y. KATAYAMA and K. F. KOMATSUBARA, Solid State Commun. 17 (1975) 875.
K. MIZUSHIMA, M. TANAKA, A. ASAI, S. IDA and J. B. GOODENOUGH, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 14 (1979) 1129.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hari, N.S., Kutty, T.R.N. Effect of secondary-phase segregation on the positive temperature coefficient in resistance characteristics of n-BaTiO3 ceramics. Journal of Materials Science 33, 3275–3284 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013220926869
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013220926869